Odours Grab His Hand but Not Hers

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p6286 ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 37 (12) ◽  
pp. 1886-1889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Tubaldi ◽  
Caterina Ansuini ◽  
Roberto Tirindelli ◽  
Umberto Castiello
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Discrimination Ability ◽  
Evolutionary Theories ◽  
Olfactory Information ◽  
Olfactory Stimuli ◽  
Olfactory Abilities ◽  
Odour Perception ◽  
Human Odour

Gender is important for the determination of olfactory abilities. Previous reports on gender differences in human odour perception claimed that the sensitivity and discrimination ability of females for odours is superior to that of males. Evolutionary theories, however, open up the possibility of an interesting dissociation between females and males in terms of odour processing: there is an advantage for women for the perceptual aspects of olfactory stimuli and an advantage for men when translating perceptual olfactory information into action. In line with this hypothesis our observations suggest that encoding odours has the ability to guide the movement of males but not that of females.

Manganese(II)-ion-selective electrode based on 2,2′-bis(salicylideneamino)azobenzene incorporated in poly(vinyl chloride) matrix

2009 ◽  
Vol 74 (9) ◽  
pp. 1411-1424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Bagher Gholivand ◽  
Maryam Gorji ◽  
Mohammad Joshaghani
Keyword(s):  
Pvc Membrane ◽  
Indicator Electrode ◽  
Membrane Electrode ◽  
Selective Electrode ◽  
Good Discrimination ◽  
Discrimination Ability ◽  
Poly Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Pvc Membrane Electrode ◽  
Chloride Matrix

A new PVC membrane electrode highly selective to Mn(II), based on 2,2′-bis(salicylideneamino)azobenzene as an ionophore. The electrode exhibits a Nernstian response to Mn(II) ions over a concentration range 0.8 × 10–1–1.1 × 10–7 mol l–1 with a slope of 30.5 ± 0.5 mV per decade and detection limit 5.5 × 10–8 mol l–1. The electrode was used for 45 days at the minimum without any measurable potential divergence. Also, the electrode revealed a fairly good discrimination ability between Mn(II) ions and some cations and anions. The electrode was also utilized as indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration of Mn(II) with EDTA and in determination of Mn(II) in drug as well as tape and river water.

Mirror-Image Discrimination: A Purely Perceptual Measurement with Phi Motion

1974 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 823-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas S. Ball
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Procedure ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Unique Contribution ◽  
Perceptual Constancy ◽  
Discrimination Ability ◽  
Conventional Tests

Mirror-image forms were used as phi stimuli in a measurement procedure rendered automatically and compellingly meaningful through the unique contribution of perceptual constancy to the determination of the threshold for phi. Because phi responses are based on unlearned behavior, the pretraining required on conventional tests is eliminated, and a purer measurement of discrimination ability is attained. Using the phi technique, it was found that a group of 12 5-yr.-olds could discriminate like-oriented from mirror-image stimuli as well as did 12 adults.

Modulation of Olfactory Information Processing in the Antennal Lobe ofManduca sextaby Serotonin

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 2077-2085 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Dacks ◽  
T. A. Christensen ◽  
J. G. Hildebrand
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Antennal Lobe ◽  
Response Duration ◽  
Olfactory Information ◽  
Olfactory Acuity ◽  
Bath Application ◽  
Olfactory Stimuli ◽  
Response Thresholds ◽  
Dose Response Function

The nervous system copes with variability in the external and internal environment by using neuromodulators to adjust the efficacy of neural circuits. The role of serotonin (5HT) as a neuromodulator of olfactory information processing in the antennal lobe (AL) of Manduca sexta was examined using multichannel extracellular electrodes to record the responses of ensembles of AL neurons to olfactory stimuli. In one experiment, the effects of 5HT on the concentration-response functions for two essential plant oils across a range of stimulus intensities were examined. In a second experiment, the effect of 5HT on the ability of ensembles to discriminate odorants from different chemical classes was examined. Bath application of 5HT enhanced AL unit responses by increasing response duration and firing rate, which in turn increased the amount of spike time cross-correlation and -covariance between pairs of units. 5HT had the greatest effect on overall ensemble activation at higher odorant concentrations, resulting in an increase in the gain of the dose-response function of individual units. Additionally, response thresholds shifted to lower odorant concentrations for some units, suggesting that 5HT increased their sensitivity. Serotonin enhanced ensemble discrimination of different concentrations of individual odorants as well as discrimination of structurally dissimilar odors at the same concentration. Given the known circadian fluctuations of 5HT in the AL of this species, these findings support the hypothesis that 5HT periodically enhances sensitivity and responsiveness in the AL of Manduca to maximize efficiency when the requirement for olfactory acuity is the greatest.

scholarly journals BODY COMPOSITION OF YOUNG ATHLETES ENGAGED IN CYCLIC SPORTS

2018 ◽  
pp. 83-87
Author(s):  
E. S. Sukach ◽  
L. A. Budko
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bioimpedance Analysis ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Young Athletes

Objective: to study the parameters of body composition in young athletes engaged in cyclic sports. Material and methods. The differentiated parameters of body composition in young athletes have been revealed on the basis of the examination data of 60 cyclic athletes at the age of 13-15. The bioimpedance analyzer Medass AVS-01 was used for determination of the body composition parameters. Results. The performed bioimpedance analysis confirms specificity of the component body structure of young athletes engaged in cyclic sports. Conclusion. Thus the component body structure of the young athletes has been obtained by the results of the bioimpedance analysis. The majority of the body composition parameters of the examined athletes did not exceed the bounds of the normalized values. Statistically significant gender differences of the body composition features of young athletes doing cyclic sports have been found.

Sense of smell: recognition and transduction of olfactory signals

2003 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Breer
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Sensory Cells ◽  
Chemical Stimulus ◽  
Olfactory Neurons ◽  
Receptor Proteins ◽  
Olfactory Stimuli ◽  
Electrical Impulses ◽  
Odour Perception

The primary processes in odour perception, i.e. recognition and transduction of olfactory stimuli, are mediated by the chemosensory olfactory neurons. Interaction of odorous compounds with suitable receptor proteins in the membrane of a subset of cells elicits chemo-electrical transduction pathways, including second messenger cascades and ion channels, that modulate the excitability of the sensory neurons, i.e. converting the chemical stimulus into electrical impulses. The encoded information is conveyed via the axons onto distinct glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. Olfactory sensory cells expressing the same receptor type are segregated spatially in a distinct zone of the nasal epithelium and converge their axons to one or a few distinct glomeruli. The emerging chemotopic maps are considered to be crucial for processing and encoding sensory information of olfactory stimuli.

Comparing the Tortoise and the Hare: Gender Differences and Experience in Dynamic Spatial Reasoning Tasks

1993 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Law ◽  
James W. Pellegrino ◽  
Earl B. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Relative Velocity ◽  
Moving Objects ◽  
Spatial Reasoning ◽  
Selection Procedures ◽  
Learning Rates ◽  
Female Performance ◽  
Reasoning Tasks ◽  
And Performance

Recent research suggests that dynamic spatial reasoning tasks show more robust gender differences than static spatial reasoning tasks. These differences have implications for selection procedures based on aptitude test scores. Two experiments were therefore designed to examine the locus of such gender differences. In Experiment 1, 82 males and 82 females performed two separate tasks: judging the relative velocity of moving objects and judging their relative distances from target destinations. Significant gender differences occurred only for relative velocity judgments and were partially related to prior experience. A second experiment therefore tested the effects of practice and feedback on performance judging relative velocity. Male and female performance differences were again found, and performance improved equally as a result of feedback. Consistent with contemporary views of aptitude and assessment, the data suggest that equitable assessment of dynamic spatial abilities requires a determination of experiential history and learning rates as well as absolute performance levels.

Determination of Gender Differences in Trainability in Yearlings

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 491-493
Author(s):  
Jenna Gilkeson∗ ◽  
Kylee Jo Duberstein
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences

scholarly journals Ongoing habenular activity is driven by forebrain networks and modulated by olfactory stimuli

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewelina Magdalena Bartoszek ◽  
Suresh Kumar Jetti ◽  
Khac Thanh Phong Chau ◽  
Emre Yaksi
Keyword(s):  
Neural Activity ◽  
Olfactory System ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Ongoing Activity ◽  
Limbic Forebrain ◽  
Olfactory Information ◽  
Internal States ◽  
Olfactory Stimuli ◽  
Brain States

SUMMARYOngoing neural activity, which represents internal brain states, is constantly modulated by the sensory information that is generated by the environment. In this study, we show that the habenular circuits act as a major brain hub integrating the structured ongoing activity of the limbic forebrain circuitry and the olfactory information. We demonstrate that ancestral homologs of amygdala and hippocampus in zebrafish forebrain are the major drivers of ongoing habenular activity. We also reveal that odor stimuli can modulate the activity of specific habenular neurons that are driven by this forebrain circuitry. Our results highlight a major role for the olfactory system in regulating the ongoing activity of the habenula and the forebrain, thereby altering brain’s internal states.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document