Intraoral Air Pressure and Oral Air Flow Under Different Bleed and Bite-Block Conditions

1986 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne H.B. Putnam ◽  
Ralph L. Shelton ◽  
Charles U. Kastner
Keyword(s):  
Differential Pressure ◽  
Respiratory Drive ◽  
Air Leakage ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Bite Block ◽  
Orifice Area ◽  
Release Device ◽  
Intraoral Air Pressure ◽  
Intraoral Pressure ◽  
Production Characteristics

Intraoral pressures and oral flows were measured as normal talkers produced /p/ and /si/ under experimental conditions that perturbed the usual aeromechanical production characteristics of the consonants. A translabial pressure-release device was used to bleed off intraoral pressure during /p/. Bite—blocks were used to open the anterior bite artificially during /s/. For /p/, intraoral pressure decreased and translabial air leakage increased as bleed orifice area increased. For /s/, flow increased as the area of sibilant constriction increased, but differential pressure across the /s/ oral constriction did not vary systematically with changes in its area. Flow on postconsonantal vowels // and /i/ did not vary systematically across experimental conditions. The data imply that maintenance of perturbed intraoral pressure was more effective when compensatory options included opportunity for increased respiratory drive and structural adjustments at the place of consonant articulation rather than increased respiratory drive alone.

scholarly journals Engaging the articulators engages perception of visible speech movements

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Masapollo
Keyword(s):  
Vocal Tract ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Visual Speech ◽  
Visible Speech ◽  
Target Movement ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Bite Block ◽  
Dynamic Gestures ◽  
Visual Interactions ◽  
Perception Of Time

Purpose: This study aimed to test whether (and how) somatosensory feedback signals from the vocal tract affect concurrent unimodal visual speech perception.Method: Participants discriminated pairs of silent visual utterances of vowels under three experimental conditions: (1) normal (baseline) and while holding either (2) a bite block or (3) a lip tube in their mouths. To test the specificity of somatosensory-visual interactions during perception, we assessed discrimination of vowel contrasts optically distinguished based on either their mandibular (English /ɛ/-/æ/) or labial (English /u/-French /u/) postures. In addition, we assessed perception of each contrast using dynamically-articulating videos and static (single-frame) images of each gesture (at vowel midpoint). Results: Engaging the jaw selectively facilitated perception of the dynamic gestures optically distinct in terms of jaw height, whereas engaging the lips selectively facilitated perception of the dynamic gestures optically distinct in terms of their degree of lip compression and protrusion. Thus, participants perceived visible speech movements in relation to the configuration and shape of their own vocal tract (and possibly their ability to produce covert vowel-production-like movements). In contrast, engaging the articulators had no effect when the speaking faces did not move, suggesting that the somatosensory inputs affected perception of time-varying kinematic information rather than changes in “target” (movement end-point) mouth shapes.Conclusions: These findings suggest that orofacial somatosensory inputs associated with speech production “prime” pre-motor and somatosensory brain regions involved in the sensorimotor control of speech, thereby facilitating perception of concordant visible speech movements.

The Development of High Performance Leaf Seals

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Nakane ◽  
A. Maekawa ◽  
E. Akita ◽  
K. Akagi ◽  
T. Shinohara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Differential Pressure ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Hydrodynamic Effect ◽  
Air Leakage ◽  
Brush Seal ◽  
Sealing Performance ◽  
Performance Reduction ◽  
Secondary Air

Recently, from the environmental point of view, demand for combined cycle plant is increasing, and superior gas turbine performance is being rapidly promoted at the same time. As one of the key technologies for superior performance, reduction of secondary air leakage which is necessary for blade cooling and bearing sealing is required. Especially, reduction of air leakage through rotating parts and stationary parts clearance is critical problem. Hitherto, a non-contact type labyrinth seal has been widely used as a seal between rotating parts and stationary parts. However, this seal requires a large clearance to avoid contact, and this causes reduction of performance due to large amount of air leakage. Currently, application of brush seal is rapidly increasing as an improvement, however, a brush seal maintains contact not only at shut down, but also during operation, thereby wear of wire is accelerated during prolong operation, and reducing the sealing performance. In addition, since stiffness of the wire itself is low, differential sealing pressure is also low. In order to overcome these short comings, so-called “Leaf seal” which is MHI’s patent has been developed over the years. Leaf seal has a structure in which multi layered flexible leaves are arranged in the circumferential direction. In this seal, tip of the leaf is lifted up from the rotor surface by the hydrodynamic effect as the rotating speed is accelerated. As a result of this mechanism, wear of the seal is reduced during operation. The clearance generated by the leaf tip lifting up is negligibly small and, therefore, sealing performance is better. Moreover, because the leaf has an axial width, it can endure seal differential pressure several times that of the brush seal. The effect of the leaf lifting up and the leakage air amount were verified by rig tests. After these verification tests, this leaf seal is now being used for M501G gas turbine, installed at *T-point, in order to confirm sealing performance and durability. The leaf seal can sustain high differential pressure even if it is used in single stage, and has very good durability. To conclude it can be said that the leaf seal is the next generation seal replacing the brush seal. * MHI constructed the long-term in-house verification plant known as T-point for verifying new gas turbine technology prior to commercialization. The facility at T-Point consists of a M501G gas turbine, steam turbine, HRSG and associated controls. The output of the M501G gas turbine at T-Point is 225MW.

scholarly journals Investigation on the Suction Reed Valve Motion with Sticky Force in a Refrigerator Compressor

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Lantian Ji ◽  
Ziwen Xing ◽  
Xueyuan Peng
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Strain Gauge ◽  
Power Loss ◽  
Pressure Pulsation ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Differential Pressure ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Valve Motion ◽  
Reed Valve

The valve motion strongly couples with the differential pressure between the cylinder and the suction and discharge plenum, which has a significant influence on the performance of the refrigerator compressor. To examine the interaction between the pressure and the reed valve motion, this paper presents an experimental investigation into the inner workings of the refrigerator compressor, particularly the p-V diagram and the motion of the suction valve. The refrigerator compressor was modified to conveniently mount the sensors. Three pressure sensors were installed to measure the p-V diagram and pressure pulsation, while a strain gauge was employed to measure the motion of the suction valve. The interaction between the differential pressure and the valve motion were clearly observed from the experimental results. It was found that there was a considerable power loss up to 14.5% in the suction process under experimental conditions. The sticky force of the oil had a significant effect on both the motion of the suction valve and the suction phase of the compressor. The delayed opening of the reed valve increased the amplitude of the pressure pulsation in the suction plenum. The experimental method which integrates the pressure variety and the valve movement proposed in this paper could contribute to the efficient testing and the optimization of the refrigerator compressor.

The Speech Regulating System

1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 566-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald W. Warren ◽  
Rodger M. Dalston ◽  
Kathleen E. Morr ◽  
W. Michael Hairfield ◽  
Lynn R. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Model ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Temporal Changes ◽  
Passive System ◽  
Pressure Flow ◽  
Orifice Area ◽  
Temporal Characteristics ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Intraoral Pressure ◽  
Respiratory Responses

Temporal and respiratory responses to a loss of velar resistance were measured in 107 subjects demonstrating varying degrees of velopharyngeal inadequacy. The subject data were compared to data generated by a mechanical model representing a passive system. The pressure-flow technique was used to estimate velopharyngeal orifice size and measure respiratory and temporal characteristics of aerodynamic events associated with the production of the nasal-plosive blend/mp/in the word "hamper". Subjects were categorized as having adequate closure (<0.05 cm 2 ), adequate/borderline closure (0.05–0.09 cm 2 ), borderline/ inadequate closure (0.10–0.19 cm 2 ) and inadequate closure (⩾ 0.20 cm 2 ). The data revealed that intraoral pressure fell 10-fold in the model as velopharyngeal orifice area changed from adequate closure to inadequate. The subject data demonstrated only a 1.4-fold drop in pressure. Airflow data indicated that there was a 10-fold increase in respiratory volume in the subject data corresponding to the change from adequacy to inadequacy. When respiratory and temporal responses were assessed together, the findings revealed that airflow and temporal changes minimized the fall of pressure as velar resistance declined across groups.

Segmental Gestures at the Laryngeal Level in Whispered Speech

1980 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Weismer ◽  
Dana Longstreth
Keyword(s):  
Peak Flow ◽  
Air Pressure ◽  
Flow Data ◽  
Whispered Speech ◽  
Intraoral Air Pressure ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Intraoral Pressure

Peak intraoral air pressure and flow were measured simultaneously for the syllables /pa/and/ba/in two speaking conditions (syllable repetitions, and in carrier phrases) and in two phonation modes (normal phonation and whisper). Results indicated that 1) the difference between the intraoral air pressure for/p/and/b/was statistically significant in normal phonation, but not in whisper, 2) the difference in peak flow for/p/and /b/was statistically significant in both normal phonation and whisper, and 3) the pressure and flow data were unaffected by speaking conditions. These data, plus a subsequent analysis of intraoral pressure slopes, are taken to indicate that the voiceless and voiced members of a stop-cognate pair are produced in whisper with unique laryngeal gestures.

Intraoral Air Pressure During the Production of /p/ and /b/ by Children, Youths, and Adults

1978 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Bernthal ◽  
David R. Beukelman
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Air Pressure ◽  
Intraoral Air Pressure ◽  
Intraoral Pressure

Peak intraoral air pressures produced by 12 children (age four to six years), 12 youths (age 10 to 12 years), and 12 adults (age 19 to 46 years) were measured during the production of /p/ and /b/ in 12 stimulus words placed in a carrier phrase. Mean pressures produced by children and youths were similar but significantly higher than those for adults. Pressures associated with /p/ were significantly higher than those associated with /b/ across all age groups. Mean pressures associated with the intervocalic context were significantly higher than for the post-vocalic context. An inverse relationship was found between age and variability of intraoral pressure, and the variability of pressure associated with /b/ was greater across all age groups than that associated with /p/.

An automatic, closed-circuit oxygen consumption apparatus for small animals

1975 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 849-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Stock
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Continuous Measurement ◽  
Differential Pressure ◽  
Closed Circuit ◽  
Chamber Pressure ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Rats And Mice ◽  
Animal Chamber

An apparatus suitable for the continuous measurement of oxygen consumption of rats and mice is described. The system uses a motorized syringe dispenser to deliver fixed volumes of oxygen to a closed animal chamber. The dispenser is controlled by a micro-differential pressure switch to maintain chamber pressure slightly above ambient. The rate of oxygen consumption is determined by timing the interval between successive operations of the dispenser. The system has proved suitable for a range of experimental conditions and treatments.

scholarly journals Engaging the Articulators Enhances Perception of Concordant Visible Speech Movements

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 3679-3688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Masapollo ◽  
Frank H. Guenther
Keyword(s):  
Vocal Tract ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Visual Speech ◽  
Visible Speech ◽  
Target Movement ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Bite Block ◽  
Dynamic Gestures ◽  
Visual Interactions ◽  
Perception Of Time

Purpose This study aimed to test whether (and how) somatosensory feedback signals from the vocal tract affect concurrent unimodal visual speech perception. Method Participants discriminated pairs of silent visual utterances of vowels under 3 experimental conditions: (a) normal (baseline) and while holding either (b) a bite block or (c) a lip tube in their mouths. To test the specificity of somatosensory–visual interactions during perception, we assessed discrimination of vowel contrasts optically distinguished based on their mandibular (English /ɛ/–/æ/) or labial (English /u/–French /u/) postures. In addition, we assessed perception of each contrast using dynamically articulating videos and static (single-frame) images of each gesture (at vowel midpoint). Results Engaging the jaw selectively facilitated perception of the dynamic gestures optically distinct in terms of jaw height, whereas engaging the lips selectively facilitated perception of the dynamic gestures optically distinct in terms of their degree of lip compression and protrusion. Thus, participants perceived visible speech movements in relation to the configuration and shape of their own vocal tract (and possibly their ability to produce covert vowel production–like movements). In contrast, engaging the articulators had no effect when the speaking faces did not move, suggesting that the somatosensory inputs affected perception of time-varying kinematic information rather than changes in target (movement end point) mouth shapes. Conclusions These findings suggest that orofacial somatosensory inputs associated with speech production prime premotor and somatosensory brain regions involved in the sensorimotor control of speech, thereby facilitating perception of concordant visible speech movements. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.9911846

Electrolytic Isolation of Twin-Type Shock Deformation Structures

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 318-319
Author(s):  
F. I. Grace ◽  
L. E. Murr
Keyword(s):  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Thin Foil ◽  
Electrolyte Composition ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Average Current Density ◽  
Electron Transmission ◽  
Deformation Structures ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Average Current ◽  
Specimen Edge

During the course of electron transmission investigations of the deformation structures associated with shock-loaded thin foil specimens of 70/30 brass, it was observed that in a number of instances preferential etching occurred along grain boundaries; and that the degree of etching appeared to depend upon the various experimental conditions prevailing during electropolishing. These included the electrolyte composition, the average current density, and the temperature in the vicinity of the specimen. In the specific case of 70/30 brass shock-loaded at pressures in the range 200-400 kilobars, the predominant mode of deformation was observed to be twin-type faults which in several cases exhibited preferential etching similar to that observed along grain boundaries. A novel feature of this particular phenomenon was that in certain cases, especially for twins located in the vicinity of the specimen edge, the etching or preferential electropolishing literally isolated these structures from the matrix.

Site of Lysosome Production During Hepatic Injury

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 348-349
Author(s):  
Nalin J. Unakar
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Mouse Liver ◽  
Hepatic Injury ◽  
Close Approximation ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Toxic Injury

The increased number of lysosomes as well as the close approximation of lysosomes to the Golgi apparatus in tissue under variety of experimental conditions is commonly observed. These observations suggest Golgi involvement in lysosomal production. The role of the Golgi apparatus in the production of lysosomes in mouse liver was studied by electron microscopy of liver following toxic injury by CCI4.

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