Intraoral Air Pressure During the Production of /p/ and /b/ by Children, Youths, and Adults

1978 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Bernthal ◽  
David R. Beukelman
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Air Pressure ◽  
Intraoral Air Pressure ◽  
Intraoral Pressure

Peak intraoral air pressures produced by 12 children (age four to six years), 12 youths (age 10 to 12 years), and 12 adults (age 19 to 46 years) were measured during the production of /p/ and /b/ in 12 stimulus words placed in a carrier phrase. Mean pressures produced by children and youths were similar but significantly higher than those for adults. Pressures associated with /p/ were significantly higher than those associated with /b/ across all age groups. Mean pressures associated with the intervocalic context were significantly higher than for the post-vocalic context. An inverse relationship was found between age and variability of intraoral pressure, and the variability of pressure associated with /b/ was greater across all age groups than that associated with /p/.

Segmental Gestures at the Laryngeal Level in Whispered Speech

1980 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Weismer ◽  
Dana Longstreth
Keyword(s):  
Peak Flow ◽  
Air Pressure ◽  
Flow Data ◽  
Whispered Speech ◽  
Intraoral Air Pressure ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Intraoral Pressure

Peak intraoral air pressure and flow were measured simultaneously for the syllables /pa/and/ba/in two speaking conditions (syllable repetitions, and in carrier phrases) and in two phonation modes (normal phonation and whisper). Results indicated that 1) the difference between the intraoral air pressure for/p/and/b/was statistically significant in normal phonation, but not in whisper, 2) the difference in peak flow for/p/and /b/was statistically significant in both normal phonation and whisper, and 3) the pressure and flow data were unaffected by speaking conditions. These data, plus a subsequent analysis of intraoral pressure slopes, are taken to indicate that the voiceless and voiced members of a stop-cognate pair are produced in whisper with unique laryngeal gestures.

Temporal Characteristics of Velopharyngeal Function in Children

1998 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert A. Leeper ◽  
M. Lynn Tissington ◽  
Kevin G. Munhall
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Air Pressure ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Nasal Airflow ◽  
Local Schools ◽  
Evaluation Procedures ◽  
Velopharyngeal Closure ◽  
Intraoral Air Pressure ◽  
Temporal Measures ◽  
Velopharyngeal Function

Objective This investigation was designed to examine the performance of children with normal speech on temporal aspects of aerodynamic tasks related to velopharyngeal closure. Design The investigation was a descriptive evaluation of variability in aerodynamic features related to velopharyngeal function during multiple repetitions of the word “hamper.” Setting Children without speech or velopharyngeal difficulties were seen in an experimental laboratory setting for the evaluation procedures. Participants Twenty-seven subjects were recruited for the experiment. Three subjects were rejected because of behavioral difficulties, and the remaining 24 subjects were subdivided into 4 groups of 6 children (3 males and 3 females) aged 3, 6, 9, and 12 years. The children, who were from local schools and day care centers, volunteered to participate in the experiment. All of the children had age-appropriate speech, language, and hearing abilities, as determined by screening tests administered by one of the examiners (L.T.). Main Outcome Measures Mean and variability of pressure-flow measures of peak intraoral air pressure and peak nasal airflow and the temporal measures accompanying each air pressure or airflow pulse were evaluated for the age groups of children examined in the experiment. Results The aerodynamic procedures employed to evaluate velopharyngeal closure during speech were reliable for use with young children. There was a numerical trend toward decreased duration of the temporal parameters with increasing age. Thus, children demonstrated durational values similar to those previously reported for normal-speaking adults. In general, peak oral air pressure and nasal airflow values were like those of previous investigations and demonstrated low variability across all age groups of children tested. Conclusions The data from the present investigation provide a preliminary base for comparison of temporal features of velopharyngeal closure for the aerodynamic evaluation of children with impaired velopharyngeal function.

Association between Social Media Use for Health Purpose and Depressive Symptoms: A Cross-Sectional Survey (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hee Yun Lee ◽  
Yan Luo ◽  
Cho Rong Won ◽  
Jiyoung Lee ◽  
Jeongwon Baik
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Use Of Social Media ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Health Purpose

BACKGROUND The use of social media or social networking sites (SNS) is increasing across all age groups, and one of the primary motives of using SNS is to seek health-related information. Although previous research examining the effect of SNS use on depression exist, studies regarding the effect of SNS use for health purpose on depression is limited. OBJECTIVE Our study aims to explore the relationship between SNS use for health purpose and depression across the four age groups (18-34 years old, 35-49 years old, 50-64 years old, and above 65 years old). METHODS A sample of 6,789 adults aged 18 and older was extracted from a 2017 and 2018 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS). Univariate and bivariate analyses to examine the association between each variable and four age groups were conducted. Multiple linear regression analyses to predict depression level among participants with use of SNS for health purpose were conducted. RESULTS SNS use for health purpose and depression were positively associated for three age groups but not for those 65 years or older (=0.13, P<0.05; =0.08, P<0.05; =0.09, P<0.05). Income and self-reported health status indicated an inverse relationship for all age groups. The relationship with marital status differed based on age group with 18 and 34 years old showing an inverse relationship (=-0.13, P<0.01) while 65 years or older showing a positive relationship (=0.06, P<0.05). Gender was positively associated among those in the 35-49 years old (=0.09, P<0.05) and 65 years or older (=0.07, P<0.05). Being Non-Hispanic White was positively associated with depression among 50-64 years old (=0.07, P<0.001) and 65 years or older (=0.08, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Age-tailored education on determining accurate and reliable information shared via SNS is needed to reduce depressive symptoms.

Correlates of Turbulent Noise Production for Speech

1967 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Hixon ◽  
Fred D. Minifie ◽  
Charles A. Tait
Keyword(s):  
Sound Pressure Level ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Power Laws ◽  
Pressure Level ◽  
Air Pressure ◽  
Voice Production ◽  
Volume Rate ◽  
Intraoral Air Pressure ◽  
Noise Production ◽  
Parameters Of Interest

Intraoral air pressure, volume rate of airflow, and sound pressure level were measured during /∫/ and /s/ productions of two speakers. In addition numerical estimates of the loudness of the productions were made by each speaker and by a group of judges. The power laws governing the relations among the parameters of interest are discussed and the results are compared with available data on voice production.

Candidate Age as a Factor in Promotability Ratings

1992 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taylor Cox ◽  
Stella M. Nkomo
Keyword(s):  
Job Performance ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Performance Ratings ◽  
Job Tenure ◽  
Moderator Variable

This paper presents research addressed to understanding how candidate age affects promotability. A field study of 125 lower-level managers indicated that age had an inverse relationship with promotability for both young and older managers and also appeared to serve as a moderator variable for the job tenure and education factors. Job tenure and education were relevant criteria only for the younger managers. By contrast, job performance ratings were significant for both age groups. Alternative explanations for the results and the implications of the findings are discussed.

Intraoral Air Pressure and Oral Air Flow Under Different Bleed and Bite-Block Conditions

1986 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne H.B. Putnam ◽  
Ralph L. Shelton ◽  
Charles U. Kastner
Keyword(s):  
Differential Pressure ◽  
Respiratory Drive ◽  
Air Leakage ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Bite Block ◽  
Orifice Area ◽  
Release Device ◽  
Intraoral Air Pressure ◽  
Intraoral Pressure ◽  
Production Characteristics

Intraoral pressures and oral flows were measured as normal talkers produced /p/ and /si/ under experimental conditions that perturbed the usual aeromechanical production characteristics of the consonants. A translabial pressure-release device was used to bleed off intraoral pressure during /p/. Bite—blocks were used to open the anterior bite artificially during /s/. For /p/, intraoral pressure decreased and translabial air leakage increased as bleed orifice area increased. For /s/, flow increased as the area of sibilant constriction increased, but differential pressure across the /s/ oral constriction did not vary systematically with changes in its area. Flow on postconsonantal vowels // and /i/ did not vary systematically across experimental conditions. The data imply that maintenance of perturbed intraoral pressure was more effective when compensatory options included opportunity for increased respiratory drive and structural adjustments at the place of consonant articulation rather than increased respiratory drive alone.

Levator Veli Palatini Muscle Activity in Relation to Intraoral Air Pressure Variation in Cleft Palate Subjects

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 376-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
David P. Kuehn ◽  
Jerald B. Moon
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Palate ◽  
Air Pressure ◽  
Levator Muscle ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
High Activation ◽  
Levator Veli Palatini ◽  
Activation Level ◽  
High Activation Level ◽  
Intraoral Air Pressure ◽  
Total Activation

A comparison of the ranges of levator veli palatini EMG activity for speech versus a nonspeech task for subjects with cleft palate was the focus of this study. EMG values are also compared with subjects without cleft palate obtained in a previous study. Hooked-wire electrodes were inserted into the levator muscle of five adult subjects with cleft palate exhibiting mild hypernasality. Intraoral air pressure was measured concurrently. A blowing task was used to determine the subject's operating range for the levator muscle. Both the nonspeech and speech tasks were designed to sample the widest possible ranges of levator EMG activity. It was found that the subjects with cleft palate used a relatively high activation level for the levator muscle during speech, in relation to their total activation range, compared with the subjects without cleft palate. Implications are discussed In relation to possible anatomic and physiologic differences for cleft palate subjects compared to normal.

Intraoral Air Pressure Discrimination by Normal-Speaking Subjects

1987 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 196-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
William N. Williams ◽  
W.S. Brown, Jr. ◽  
G.E. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Air Pressure ◽  
Intraoral Air Pressure ◽  
Normal Speaking
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