The Speech Regulating System

1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 566-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald W. Warren ◽  
Rodger M. Dalston ◽  
Kathleen E. Morr ◽  
W. Michael Hairfield ◽  
Lynn R. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Model ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Temporal Changes ◽  
Passive System ◽  
Pressure Flow ◽  
Orifice Area ◽  
Temporal Characteristics ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Intraoral Pressure ◽  
Respiratory Responses

Temporal and respiratory responses to a loss of velar resistance were measured in 107 subjects demonstrating varying degrees of velopharyngeal inadequacy. The subject data were compared to data generated by a mechanical model representing a passive system. The pressure-flow technique was used to estimate velopharyngeal orifice size and measure respiratory and temporal characteristics of aerodynamic events associated with the production of the nasal-plosive blend/mp/in the word "hamper". Subjects were categorized as having adequate closure (<0.05 cm 2 ), adequate/borderline closure (0.05–0.09 cm 2 ), borderline/ inadequate closure (0.10–0.19 cm 2 ) and inadequate closure (⩾ 0.20 cm 2 ). The data revealed that intraoral pressure fell 10-fold in the model as velopharyngeal orifice area changed from adequate closure to inadequate. The subject data demonstrated only a 1.4-fold drop in pressure. Airflow data indicated that there was a 10-fold increase in respiratory volume in the subject data corresponding to the change from adequacy to inadequacy. When respiratory and temporal responses were assessed together, the findings revealed that airflow and temporal changes minimized the fall of pressure as velar resistance declined across groups.

Pressure-Flow Measurements for Selected Oral and Nasal Sound Segments Produced by Normal Adults

1992 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meri L. Andreassen ◽  
Bonnie E. Smith ◽  
Thomas W. Guyette
Keyword(s):  
Limited Information ◽  
Flow Data ◽  
Female Adult ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Pressure Flow ◽  
Orifice Area ◽  
Normative Pressure ◽  
Categorization Scheme ◽  
Velopharyngeal Function ◽  
Normal Adults

Pressure-flow data are often used to provide information about the adequacy of velopharyngeal valving for speech. However, there is limited information available concerning simultaneous pressure-flow measurements for oral and nasal sound segments produced by normal speakers. This study provides normative pressure, flow, and velopharyngeal orifice area measurements for selected oral and nasal sound segments produced by 10 male and 10 female adult speakers. An aerodynamic categorization scheme of velopharyngeal function, including one typical category and three atypical categories (open, closed, and mixed) is proposed.

Intraoral Air Pressure and Oral Air Flow Under Different Bleed and Bite-Block Conditions

1986 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne H.B. Putnam ◽  
Ralph L. Shelton ◽  
Charles U. Kastner
Keyword(s):  
Differential Pressure ◽  
Respiratory Drive ◽  
Air Leakage ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Bite Block ◽  
Orifice Area ◽  
Release Device ◽  
Intraoral Air Pressure ◽  
Intraoral Pressure ◽  
Production Characteristics

Intraoral pressures and oral flows were measured as normal talkers produced /p/ and /si/ under experimental conditions that perturbed the usual aeromechanical production characteristics of the consonants. A translabial pressure-release device was used to bleed off intraoral pressure during /p/. Bite—blocks were used to open the anterior bite artificially during /s/. For /p/, intraoral pressure decreased and translabial air leakage increased as bleed orifice area increased. For /s/, flow increased as the area of sibilant constriction increased, but differential pressure across the /s/ oral constriction did not vary systematically with changes in its area. Flow on postconsonantal vowels // and /i/ did not vary systematically across experimental conditions. The data imply that maintenance of perturbed intraoral pressure was more effective when compensatory options included opportunity for increased respiratory drive and structural adjustments at the place of consonant articulation rather than increased respiratory drive alone.

The Archaeological Collection of the Yalta Historical-Literary Museum

1996 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-123
Author(s):  
Nataliya G. Novichenkova
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Ww Ii ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Important Addition ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Burial Grounds ◽  
Private Collections ◽  
Glass Metal

AbstractFounded in 1892 and now containing ca. 11,000 pieces, the Yalta museum draws on pre-Revolutionary private collections, especially of Classical objects obtained locally and abroad, as well as on objects associated with the Mountain and Southern regions of the Crimea, acquired more systematically as a result of archaeological excavations and chance finds in the region. The most important pre-Revolutionary collection, that of Grand Prince Alexander Mikhajlovich, still contains-despite the destruction of WW II-more than 50 amphoras and 500 other ceramic pieces, especially of Archaic Corinthian and Samian ware. The museum houses many finds from pre-War excavations, e.g. from the Balim-Kosh site (ca. 20,000 Neolithic artefacts) and from the Roman legionary fortress at Charax. The creation after WW II of an Archaeological Department of the Museum has led to a 5-fold increase in the size of its collection. This now includes finds from late classical and early medieval burial grounds (Aj-Todor, Alushta, Druzhnoe, Verkhynaya Oreandal, the Gothic necropolis near Goluboj Zaliv, and the Mesolithic complex of Cape of Trinity I. The most important addition has been of more than 5000 objects from the sanctuary excavated in the past decade at the pass of Gurzufskoe Sedlo, which was in use from the Stone Age to the late Middle Ages. Its heyday was 1st cent. B.C.-1st cent. A.D. and from this period date the overwhelming majority of finds of bronze and silver statuettes, glass, metal instruments, ceramics, arms and coins. Such material provides a rare insight into all of the main phases of Crimean history and coins and other objects from the site have formed the subject of a recent exhibition in the museum.

Hypernasality and Velopharyngeal Impairment

1994 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald W. Warren ◽  
Rodger M. Dalston ◽  
Robert Mayo
Keyword(s):  
Airflow Rate ◽  
Nasal Airflow ◽  
Moderate Correlation ◽  
Interval Scale ◽  
Pressure Flow ◽  
Orifice Area ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Nasal Resonance

Although the primary cause of hypernasality is impaired velopharyngeal (VP) function, a variety of other factors influence the outcome perceived by the listener. The purpose of the current study was to assess the relationship between oral-nasal resonance balance and (1) velopharyngeal orifice area; (2) nasal airflow rate; and (3) duration of nasal airflow. The pressure-flow technique was used to estimate VP area and measure nasal airflow rate and duration. Ratings of oral-nasal balance were made on a 6-point equal-appearing interval scale. Results Indicated a moderate correlation between hypernasality rating and VP area (0.66), nasal airflow (0.61), and nasal airflow duration (0.53). Adults tended to be perceived as more hypernasal than children for a given degree of VP impairment. Finally, when the degree of VP opening was small, perceived oral-nasal resonance balance appeared to be related to duration of the opening-closing movements.

Respiratory Responses of Pea and Wheat Seedlings to Chloramphenicol Treatment

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qisen Zhang ◽  
L Mischis ◽  
JT Wiskich
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Nadh Dehydrogenase ◽  
Alternative Oxidase ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Complete Loss ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Pea Seedlings ◽  
Wheat Leaf ◽  
Respiratory Responses ◽  
Cyanide Resistant Respiration

A common feature in responding to chloramphenicol treatment for pea and wheat seedlings was the substantial increases in the rates of cyanide-resistant respiration. However, they were very different in many other aspects. Whole pea leaves appeared yellowish 3 or more days after chloramphenicol treatment. The chlorophyll content decreased by 30% after 9-10 days. In wheat seedlings, chloramphenicol treatment resulted in a complete loss of chlorophyll and formation of white tissues in the base of their leaves. The top region of leaves was still green. The un-inhibited rates of respiration decreased in pea, but increased in wheat mitochondria oxidising NADH. There was an approximately 5-fold increase in the activity of externally facing NADH dehydrogenase in wheat, but not in pea mitochondria. Western blot analysis showed that there were two additional bands of lower molecular weight alternative oxidases (32-33 kDa) in chloramphenicol-treated wheat leaf mitochondria, but there was no increase in alternative oxidase proteins in chloramphenicol-treated pea leaf and root mitochondria. Wheat seedlings responded to chlorarnphenicol treatment presumably by increasing the rate of glycolysis, while pea seedlings may have a different mechanism.

scholarly journals Quantum Bourneville Model: On the Quantum Mechanical Nature of Dark Triad

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Model ◽  
Thought Experiment ◽  
The State ◽  
Dark Triad ◽  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
Current State ◽  
Intuitive Appeal ◽  
The Subject ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Mechanical Nature

The state of reality is not bound by the state of progress. Irrespective of our association, or lack of it, with any school of philosophy, the notion that we witness society and the events that occur within it cannot be denied. Consequently, the inception of a significant altercation in the existing direction of any perception regarding an unexplained phenomenon must involve the realization of a requirement for altercation (be it minor or major) to the direction of research conducted in the same. The identification of the correct altercation, hence, becomes the only topic of debate. The process of this identification requires a stoic sense of review of the current state of research and the current state of question that we wish to address. Therefore, it becomes important that this entity must be free from all forms of existing bias and must implement the existing approaches available without the limitations of the subject they are defined in. In this paper, I aim to do the same. This paper presents a thought experiment that eventually paves the way for establishing a quantum mechanical model for interpreting the notion of the Dark Triad whilst addressing all the concerns mentioned in Miller et al. (2019) regarding the current state of research in the field. The frequent question of identification of any empirical proof is rendered moot for this model given its vast intuitive appeal and philosophical foundation. While the author welcomes any attempts possible to provide solid, empirical proof of this quantum Dark Triad model, it is to be noted that the author considers attempts for the same to take into consideration the questions of formalism and determinism as expected from any scientific theory.

Deformation simulations by the subject-specific tongue mechanical model based on medical images

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019.30 (0) ◽  
pp. 1C13
Author(s):  
Shun TAKENAKA ◽  
Tsukasa YOSHINAGA ◽  
Kazunori NOZAKI ◽  
Satoshi II ◽  
Shigeo WADA
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Model ◽  
Medical Images ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Subject Specific ◽  
The Subject

Effect of tracheal and tongue displacement on upper airway airflow dynamics

1996 ◽  
Vol 80 (6) ◽  
pp. 2171-2178 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Rowley ◽  
S. Permutt ◽  
S. Willey ◽  
P. L. Smith ◽  
A. R. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Model ◽  
Critical Pressure ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Independent Effect ◽  
Nasal Resistance ◽  
Large Decrease ◽  
Pressure Flow ◽  
Tongue Displacement

We have previously shown that caudal tracheal displacement alters the airflow dynamics of the upper airway. In the present study, we specifically examined the effects of tongue and tracheal displacement on upper airway airflow dynamics. To determine how tongue and tracheal displacement modulate maximal inspiratory airflow (VImax), we analyzed the pressure-flow relationships obtained in the isolated upper airway of paralyzed cats. VImax and its determinants, the pharyngeal critical pressure (Pcrit) and the nasal resistance (Rn) upstream to the flow-limiting site, were measured as tongue displacement and tracheal displacement were systematically varied. Four results were obtained: 1) there was no independent effect of tongue displacement on VImax, Pcrit, or Rn; 2) there was an increase in VImax with 2 cm of tracheal displacement, which was associated with a decrease in Pcrit and an increase in Rn; 3) there was an interactive effect of tongue and tracheal displacement on VImax and Pcrit but not on Rn; and 4) there was a large increase in VImax with tongue displacement > 2.5 cm with the trachea nondisplaced, which was associated with a large decrease in Pcrit and a large increase in Rn. We conclude that tongue and tracheal displacement exert differing influences on airflow dynamics and present a mechanical model of the upper airway that explains these results.

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