Correlates of Turbulent Noise Production for Speech

1967 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Hixon ◽  
Fred D. Minifie ◽  
Charles A. Tait
Keyword(s):  
Sound Pressure Level ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Power Laws ◽  
Pressure Level ◽  
Air Pressure ◽  
Voice Production ◽  
Volume Rate ◽  
Intraoral Air Pressure ◽  
Noise Production ◽  
Parameters Of Interest

Intraoral air pressure, volume rate of airflow, and sound pressure level were measured during /∫/ and /s/ productions of two speakers. In addition numerical estimates of the loudness of the productions were made by each speaker and by a group of judges. The power laws governing the relations among the parameters of interest are discussed and the results are compared with available data on voice production.

Evaluating the Influence of Targeted Air Flow on Sound Pressure Level and Closed Quotient

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Michael J. Hammer
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Sound Pressure Level ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Vocal Folds ◽  
Pressure Level ◽  
Air Pressure ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Closed Quotient ◽  
Considerable Range

Purpose Measures of estimated subglottal air pressure and translaryngeal air flow enable the researcher or clinician to noninvasively assess aerodynamic features related to respiratory and phonatory function. Our goal was to examine the unique relationship between air flow with sound pressure level (SPL) during syllable production while attempting to hold fundamental frequency and subglottal air pressure relatively constant. Method We completed two studies. Study 1: During syllable production, resultant sound pressure level was measured under conditions of constant fundamental frequency and estimated subglottal air pressure while systematically varying translaryngeal air flow. Study 2: During syllable production, resultant sound pressure level and closed quotient (using laryngeal stroboscopy) were measured under conditions of constant fundamental frequency and estimated subglottal air pressure while systematically varying translaryngeal air flow. Results Study 1: Findings suggest a steady increase in sound pressure level with increases in air flow between 25 cc/s and 150 cc/s. Interestingly, relatively stable mean sound pressure level was maintained over a considerable range of air flow values between 225 and 450 cc/s, suggesting that air flow could be further increased without a marked loss of sound pressure level. Study 2: Findings suggest a systematic increase in mean sound pressure level as supraglottic activity subsided and as the closed quotient decreased from 0.80 to 0.58. Interestingly, sound pressure level was relatively stable as the closed quotient decreased from 0.58 to 0.35. Conclusions Our findings suggest that sound pressure level can be maintained over a considerable range of increasing translaryngeal air flow values and over a considerable range of decreasing closed quotient values. These results provide motivation for investigating the interaction between air flow, glottal closure, and sound pressure level among other measures of phonatory function, with important clinical implications for therapeutic approaches that emphasize increases in air flow and focus on reducing contact between the vocal folds.

scholarly journals Changes of Voice Production in Artificial Acoustic Environments

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomás Sierra-Polanco ◽  
Lady Catherine Cantor-Cutiva ◽  
Eric J. Hunter ◽  
Pasquale Bottalico
Keyword(s):  
Sound Pressure Level ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Vocal Tract ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Pressure Level ◽  
Room Acoustics ◽  
Reverberation Time ◽  
Voice Production ◽  
Vocal Control

The physical production of speech level dynamic range is directly affected by the physiological features of the speaker such as vocal tract size and lung capacity; however, the regulation of these production systems is affected by the perception of the communication environment and auditory feedback. The current study examined the effects of room acoustics in an artificial setting on voice production in terms of sound pressure level and the relationship with the perceived vocal comfort and vocal control. Three independent room acoustic parameters were considered: gain (alteration of the sidetone or playback of one’s own voice), reverberation time, and background noise. An increase in the sidetone led to a decrease in vocal sound pressure levels, thus increasing vocal comfort and vocal control. This effect was consistent in the different reverberation times considered. Mid-range reverberation times (T30 ≈ 1.3 s) led to a decrease in vocal sound pressure level along with an increase in vocal comfort and vocal control, however, the effect of the reverberation time was smaller than the effect of the gain. The presence of noise amplified the aforementioned effects for the variables analyzed.

Parameterization of the Voice Source by Combining Spectral Decay and Amplitude Features of the Glottal Flow

1998 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 990-1002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paavo Alku ◽  
Erkki Vilkman ◽  
Anne-Maria Laukkanen
Keyword(s):  
Sound Pressure Level ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Pressure Level ◽  
New Method ◽  
Inverse Filtering ◽  
Voice Production ◽  
Voice Source ◽  
Volume Velocity ◽  
Glottal Flow ◽  
The Voice

A new method is presented for the parameterization of glottal volume velocity waveforms that have been estimated by inverse filtering acoustic speech pressure signals. The new technique, Parameter for Spectral and Amplitude Features of the Glottal Flow (PSA), combines two features of voice production, the AC value and the spectral decay of the glottal flow, both of which contribute to changes in vocal loudness. PSA yields a single parameter that characterizes the glottal flow in different loudness conditions. By analyzing voices of 8 speakers it was shown that the new parameter correlates strongly with the sound pressure level of speech.

Relationship between Intraoral Air Pressure and Vocal Intensity in Children and Adults

1986 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine T. Stathopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Vocal Tract ◽  
Pressure Level ◽  
Air Pressure ◽  
Intensity Level ◽  
Connected Speech ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Vocal Intensity ◽  
Intraoral Air Pressure

Intraoral air pressure (P 0 ) varies as a function of age. Specifically, children produce significantly higher P 0 values than adults. The higher P 0 produced by children has been discussed in relation to age-related volumetric differences of the subglottal and vocal tract, to lung compression differences, and to the fact that children's "comfortable" speaking level might exceed that of adults. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the hypothesis that children (vs. adults) and women (vs. men) produce higher P 0 values when sound pressure level (SPL) is held constant. Measurements were made of P 0 generated by children and adults during a connected speech task completed at three intensity levels. The findings of the study indicated that (a) peak P 0 values increased as vocal intensity increased for all subject groups, (b) peak P 0 values were higher for voiceless stops than for voiced stops, and (c) peak P 0 values were not significantly different for adults than for children or for men than for women. These results were interpreted to show that despite physical and physiological differences between male and female, and between adult and child vocal tracts, all groups use the same P 0 mechanism for achieving a given vocal intensity level.

Contributions of Voice and Nonverbal Communication to Perceived Masculinity–Femininity for Cisgender and Transgender Communicators

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 931-947
Author(s):  
Teresa L. D. Hardy ◽  
Carol A. Boliek ◽  
Daniel Aalto ◽  
Justin Lewicke ◽  
Kristopher Wells ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Sound Pressure Level ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Vocal Tract ◽  
Presentation Mode ◽  
Pressure Level ◽  
Presentation Modes ◽  
Audiovisual Stimuli ◽  
Vocal Tract Resonance ◽  
Point Light

Purpose The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to identify a set of communication-based predictors (including both acoustic and gestural variables) of masculinity–femininity ratings and (b) to explore differences in ratings between audio and audiovisual presentation modes for transgender and cisgender communicators. Method The voices and gestures of a group of cisgender men and women ( n = 10 of each) and transgender women ( n = 20) communicators were recorded while they recounted the story of a cartoon using acoustic and motion capture recording systems. A total of 17 acoustic and gestural variables were measured from these recordings. A group of observers ( n = 20) rated each communicator's masculinity–femininity based on 30- to 45-s samples of the cartoon description presented in three modes: audio, visual, and audio visual. Visual and audiovisual stimuli contained point light displays standardized for size. Ratings were made using a direct magnitude estimation scale without modulus. Communication-based predictors of masculinity–femininity ratings were identified using multiple regression, and analysis of variance was used to determine the effect of presentation mode on perceptual ratings. Results Fundamental frequency, average vowel formant, and sound pressure level were identified as significant predictors of masculinity–femininity ratings for these communicators. Communicators were rated significantly more feminine in the audio than the audiovisual mode and unreliably in the visual-only mode. Conclusions Both study purposes were met. Results support continued emphasis on fundamental frequency and vocal tract resonance in voice and communication modification training with transgender individuals and provide evidence for the potential benefit of modifying sound pressure level, especially when a masculine presentation is desired.

Case study: Theoretical calculation model and variable condition analysis research on the water-splashing noise for natural draft wet cooling towers

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-145
Author(s):  
Yang Zhouo ◽  
Ming Gao ◽  
Suoying He ◽  
Yuetao Shi ◽  
Fengzhong Sun
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Sound Pressure Level ◽  
Water Droplet ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Cooling Tower ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Calculation Model ◽  
Pressure Level ◽  
Cooling Towers

Based on the basic theory of water droplets impact noise, the generation mechanism and calculation model of the water-splashing noise for natural draft wet cooling towers were established in this study, and then by means of the custom software, the water-splashing noise was studied under different water droplet diameters and water-spraying densities as well as partition water distribution patterns conditions. Comparedwith the water-splashing noise of the field test, the average difference of the theoretical and the measured value is 0.82 dB, which validates the accuracy of the established theoretical model. The results based on theoretical model showed that, when the water droplet diameters are smaller in cooling tower, the attenuation of total sound pressure level of the water-splashing noise is greater. From 0 m to 8 m away from the cooling tower, the sound pressure level of the watersplashing noise of 3 mm and 6 mm water droplets decreases by 8.20 dB and 4.36 dB, respectively. Additionally, when the water-spraying density becomes twice of the designed value, the sound pressure level of water-splashing noise all increases by 3.01 dB for the cooling towers of 300 MW, 600 MW and 1000 MW units. Finally, under the partition water distribution patterns, the change of the sound pressure level is small. For the R s/2 and Rs/3 partition radius (Rs is the radius of water-spraying area), when the water-spraying density ratio between the outer and inner zone increases from 1 to 3, the sound pressure level of water-splashing noise increases by 0.7 dB and 0.3 dB, respectively.

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