The Effect of Response Contingent Verbal Punishment on Stuttering

1967 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 795-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond W. Quist ◽  
Richard R. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Dramatic Reduction ◽  
Response Contingent

The effects of response contingent “wrong” on stuttering were studied in three adult male stutterers. Each subject’s stuttering baserate was obtained, then “wrong” was made contingent on each stuttering. For two subjects, “wrong” occasioned a 30% to 40% reduction in stuttering frequency. For a third subject, response contingent “wrong” produced almost total suppression of stuttering, removal of “wrong” was followed by a return to baserate frequency, and reintroduction of “wrong” resulted in an immediate and dramatic reduction in stuttering.

Effect of Vicarious Punishment on Stuttering Frequency

1977 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Martin ◽  
Samuel Haroldson
Keyword(s):  
Dramatic Reduction ◽  
Response Contingent ◽  
The Third ◽  
Time Out ◽  
Contingent Stimulation

This investigation explored the effect of vicarious response-contingent stimulation on the frequency of stuttering. Twenty adult stutterers spoke for 20 minutes, then observed a speaker on a videotape for 10 minutes, and then spoke for an additional 20 minutes. In one condition the speaker on the videotape was a severe stutterer who experienced a dramatic reduction in stuttering under a contingent time-out procedure. In a second condition, the videotape speaker was a severe stutterer who received no experimental manipulations. In the third condition, the videotape speaker was a normal talker who received no experimental manipulations. All subjects participated in all three conditions. Twenty of the stutterers experienced a significant decrease in stuttering as a result of watching the videotape model who received contingent time-out. The subjects did not exhibit significant changes in stuttering after watching the severe stutterer who received no treatment or the normal talker.

The Effects of Simultaneously Punishing Stuttering and Rewarding Fluency

1966 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 466-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard R. Martin ◽  
Gerald M. Siegel
Keyword(s):  
Discriminative Stimulus ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Base Rate ◽  
Verbal Stimuli ◽  
Response Contingent ◽  
Rate Level ◽  
The Subject

Two adult, male stutterers read orally for eight experimental sessions separated by at least one week. Stuttering frequency was continuously recorded during all sessions. After stuttering frequency stabilized, the subject was introduced to the response-contingent verbal stimuli. For two sessions, a wrist strap was attached during the time the verbal stimuli were presented. In subsequent sessions the strap was attached, but no verbal stimuli were delivered. The findings were: (a) Presentation of response-contingent verbal stimuli resulted in a decrease in stuttering frequency. (b) Removal of the verbal stimuli was followed by an increase in stuttering frequency to base-rate level. (c) The wrist strap functioned as an effective discriminative stimulus. After it was paired with the verbal stimuli for a period of time, attachment of the strap alone resulted in decreased stuttering frequencies in several different experimental environments.

The Effects of Response Contingent Shock on Stuttering

1966 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 340-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard R. Martin ◽  
Gerald M. Siegel
Keyword(s):  
Discriminative Stimulus ◽  
Stimulus Control ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Base Rate ◽  
Output Level ◽  
Discriminative Stimuli ◽  
Response Contingent ◽  
Rate Frequency

The effects of response contingent shock on stuttering frequency were studied in three adult male stutterers. Each subject’s stuttering frequency base rate was obtained, then response contingent shock and various discriminative stimuli were introduced. The general findings were: (1) introduction of response contingent shock reduced stuttering frequency essentially to zero, while removal of shock occasioned a return to base rate frequency; (2) specific stuttering behaviors could be independently manipulated; (3) for two subjects, the shock procedure did not systematically alter word output level; (4) stuttering frequency was brought under discriminative stimulus control.

Alteration of Mitochondria in Oxythiamine-Induced, Acute Thiamine Deficiency in the Mouse

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 284-285
Author(s):  
Itaru Watanabe ◽  
Dante G. Scarpelli
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Thiamine Deficiency ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fatty Change ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Subcutaneous Injections ◽  
Swiss Mice ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Ad Libitum

Acute thiamine deficiency was produced in mice by the administration of oxythiamine, a thiamine analogue, superimposed upon a thiamine deficient diet. Adult male Swiss mice (30 gm. B.W.) were fed with a thiamine deficient diet ad libitumand were injected with oxythiamine (170 mg/Kg B.W.) subcutaneously on days 4 and 10. On day 11, severe lassitude and anorexia developed, followed by death within 48 hours. The animals treated daily with subcutaneous injections of thiamine (300 μg/Kg B.W.) from day 11 through 15 were kept alive. Similarly, feeding with a diet containing thiamine (600 μg/Kg B.W./day) from day 9 through 17 reversed the condition. During this time period, no fatal illness occurred in the controls which were pair-fed with a thiamine deficient diet.The oxythiamine-treated mice showed a significant enlargement of the liver, which weighed approximately 1.5 times as much as that of the pair-fed controls. By light and electron microscopy, the hepatocytes were markedly swollen due to severe fatty change and swelling of the mitochondria.

Scanning electron microscopy of the integument of schistosoma rodhaini

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 132-133
Author(s):  
P. Evers ◽  
C. Schutte ◽  
C. D. Dettman
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Oral Sucker ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Sensory Receptors ◽  
East African ◽  
Dorsal Midline ◽  
Scanning Electron

S.rodhaini (Brumpt 1931) is a parasite of East African rodents which may possibly hybridize with the human schistosome S. mansoni. The adult male at maturity measures approximately 3mm long and possesses both oral and ventral suckers and a marked gynaecophoric canal. The oral sucker is surrounded by a ring of sensory receptors with a large number of inwardly-pointing spines set into deep sockets occupying the bulk of the ventral surface of the sucker. Numbers of scattered sensory receptors are found on both dorsal and ventral surfaces of the head (Fig. 1) together with two conspicuous rows of receptors situated symmetrically on each side of the midline. One row extends along the dorsal surface of the head midway between the dorsal midline and the lateral margin.

An Ultrastructural Comparison of Hepatocytes from ADH+ and ADH−Peromyscus Maniculatus

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 30-31
Author(s):  
J. T. Ellzey ◽  
D. Borunda ◽  
B. P. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Model System ◽  
Deer Mice ◽  
En Bloc ◽  
Genetic Stock ◽  
Hepes Buffer ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Color Scanner

Genetically alcohol deficient deer mice (ADHN/ADHN) (obtained from the Peromyscus Genetic Stock Center, Univ. of South Carolina) lack hepatic cytosolic alcohol dehydrogenase. In order to determine if these deer mice would provide a model system for an ultrastructural study of the effects of ethanol on hepatocyte organelles, 75 micrographs of ADH+ adult male deer mice (n=5) were compared with 75 micrographs of ADH− adult male deer mice (n=5). A morphometric analysis of mitochondrial and peroxisomal parameters was undertaken.The livers were perfused with 0.1M HEPES buffer followed by 0.25% glutaraldehyde and 2% sucrose in 0.1M HEPES buffer (4C), removed, weighed and fixed by immersion in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1M HEPES buffer, pH 7.4, followed by a 3,3’ diaminobenzidine (DAB) incubation, postfixation with 2% OsO4, en bloc staining with 1% uranyl acetate in 0.025M maleate-NaOH buffer, dehydrated, embedded in Poly/Bed 812-BDMA epon resin, sectioned and poststained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Photographs were taken on a Zeiss EM-10 transmission electron microscope, scanned with a Howtek personal color scanner, analyzed with OPTIMAS 4.02 software on a Gateway2000 4DX2-66V personal computer and stored in Excel 4.0.

Preliminary research of the aldosterone synthesized by bone morrow stem cells of adult male ratsin vitro

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. S43-S43
Author(s):  
Wei‑ying Zou ◽  
Bei Yang ◽  
Xiuli Ni ◽  
Da‑lei Zhang ◽  
Lei Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Preliminary Research ◽  
Bone Morrow

Observer Agreement on Disfluency and Stuttering

1981 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 595-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard F. Curlee
Keyword(s):  
Graduate Student ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Observer Agreement

Groups of undergraduate and graduate stndent listeners identified the stutterings and disfluencies of eight adult male stutterers during videotaped samples of their reading and speaking. Stuttering and disfluency loci were assigned to words or to intervals between words. The data indicated that stuttering and disfluency are not two reliable and unambiguous response classes and are not usually assigned to different, nonoverlapping behaviors. Furthermore, judgments of stuttering and disfluency were distributed similarly across words and intervals. For both undergraduate and graduate student listeners, there was relatively low unit-by-unit agreement among listeners and within the same listeners from one judgment session to another.

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