The Effects of Simultaneously Punishing Stuttering and Rewarding Fluency

1966 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 466-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard R. Martin ◽  
Gerald M. Siegel
Keyword(s):  
Discriminative Stimulus ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Base Rate ◽  
Verbal Stimuli ◽  
Response Contingent ◽  
Rate Level ◽  
The Subject

Two adult, male stutterers read orally for eight experimental sessions separated by at least one week. Stuttering frequency was continuously recorded during all sessions. After stuttering frequency stabilized, the subject was introduced to the response-contingent verbal stimuli. For two sessions, a wrist strap was attached during the time the verbal stimuli were presented. In subsequent sessions the strap was attached, but no verbal stimuli were delivered. The findings were: (a) Presentation of response-contingent verbal stimuli resulted in a decrease in stuttering frequency. (b) Removal of the verbal stimuli was followed by an increase in stuttering frequency to base-rate level. (c) The wrist strap functioned as an effective discriminative stimulus. After it was paired with the verbal stimuli for a period of time, attachment of the strap alone resulted in decreased stuttering frequencies in several different experimental environments.

The Effects of Response Contingent Shock on Stuttering

1966 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 340-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard R. Martin ◽  
Gerald M. Siegel
Keyword(s):  
Discriminative Stimulus ◽  
Stimulus Control ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Base Rate ◽  
Output Level ◽  
Discriminative Stimuli ◽  
Response Contingent ◽  
Rate Frequency

The effects of response contingent shock on stuttering frequency were studied in three adult male stutterers. Each subject’s stuttering frequency base rate was obtained, then response contingent shock and various discriminative stimuli were introduced. The general findings were: (1) introduction of response contingent shock reduced stuttering frequency essentially to zero, while removal of shock occasioned a return to base rate frequency; (2) specific stuttering behaviors could be independently manipulated; (3) for two subjects, the shock procedure did not systematically alter word output level; (4) stuttering frequency was brought under discriminative stimulus control.

The Effect of Response Contingent Verbal Punishment on Stuttering

1967 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 795-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond W. Quist ◽  
Richard R. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Dramatic Reduction ◽  
Response Contingent

The effects of response contingent “wrong” on stuttering were studied in three adult male stutterers. Each subject’s stuttering baserate was obtained, then “wrong” was made contingent on each stuttering. For two subjects, “wrong” occasioned a 30% to 40% reduction in stuttering frequency. For a third subject, response contingent “wrong” produced almost total suppression of stuttering, removal of “wrong” was followed by a return to baserate frequency, and reintroduction of “wrong” resulted in an immediate and dramatic reduction in stuttering.

The Effects of Certain Drugs on Phonation

1971 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara V. Fishman ◽  
Robert E. McGlone ◽  
Thomas Shipp
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Sensory Deprivation ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Cortical Function ◽  
Laryngeal Mucosa ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Male Subjects

Five young adult male subjects with normal larynxes were recorded as they sustained phonation during one normal and three drug conditions. The vocal tasks included obtaining the total fundamental frequency range, tone-matching ability, and vocal fry production, and were performed by the subject (1) before drugs, (2) following injection of a tranquilizer-narcotic premedication, (3) after topical anesthesia of the larynx, and (4) during a drug-recovery period. Results showed no significant differences between conditions on any of the measures of sustained phonation. It was concluded that neither depressed cortical function nor sensory deprivation of the laryngeal mucosa alters the subject’s phonatory capabilities essential to the performance of the selected vocal tasks.

scholarly journals AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIORS AND THEIR EFFECT ON RESOURCE USE BY MALE LITTLE BROWN SKINKS, SCINCELLA LATERALIS

2017 ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
Mark Paulissen ◽  
Laura Myers
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Resource Use ◽  
Dominant Male ◽  
Aggressive Behaviors ◽  
Observation Chamber ◽  
Behavioral Interactions ◽  
Subordinate Male ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Scincella Lateralis

The aggressive behaviors of adult male Little Brown Skinks, Scincella lateralis, and their effects on access to an important resource (a single retreat) were the subject of a study consisting of 10 laboratory trials in which the behavioral interactions between a pair of individuals was recorded. Analysis of these interactions made it possible to identify a dominant and a subordinate male in each trial; the male with the greater bulk was dominant in 9 of the 10 trials. Aggressive behaviors recorded include lunging, chasing, and biting; the dominant male performed lunging significantly more often than the subordinate male and was the only individual to exhibit chasing. The most common behavior recorded was avoidance which was shown almost exclusively by the subordinate male. Both dominant and subordinate males exhibited tail twitching which we hypothesize to be a sign of agitation. The two males spent significantly more time on opposite sides of the observation chamber than on the same side and almost never occupied the single retreat simultaneously because the subordinate male repeatedly moved to avoid the dominant male. The implications of these results on spacing patterns and resource use of Scincella lateralis in the wild are discussed.

scholarly journals Adult Learner Multilingualism and Contributing and Hindering Factors in Acquiring Languages

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Rahmawati Aprilanita
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Adult Learner ◽  
First Language ◽  
Male Student ◽  
The Subject

This study focuses on multilingualism of adult learner who is learning English and Indonesia in Indonesia whichEnglish as its foreign language. The aim was to explore the factors that enables him to acquire languages in certaincontext or social environment. An adult male student (29 years old) from Comoro, South Africa was chosen for thesubject of the study. Experiences from the subject as the participant of the research are discussed, drawing on criticaltheory to understand emerging phenomena such as plasticity, Krashen’s five second language acquisition hypothesisand linguistics. The paper findings conclude that several factors such as motivations, plasticity, input, first language,agency, and age have been contributed most to the development of languages acquisition of the subject.

The Influence of Stutterer’s Expectancies of Improvement upon Response to Time-Out

1974 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack E. James ◽  
Roger J. Ingham
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Effects ◽  
Base Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Response Contingent ◽  
Time Out

The influence of the variable of stutterers' expectancies of improvement upon the efficacy of response-contingent time-out from speaking was investigated. Fourteen male stutterers were exposed to four conditions: base rate, time-out plus enhanced expectancies of improvement, base rate, and time-out plus allayed expectancies of improvement. Subjects' expectancies of improvement were manipulated by the administration of a placebo and instructions. Results indicated that time-out produced significant reductions in frequency of stuttering under both expectancy conditions, and that the efficacy of the procedure under one condition was not significantly different from its efficacy under the other. Other data collected allowed an independent check to be made of results obtained by previous investigators on the subjective effects of time-out. Discrepancies between the findings of other researchers ana those of the present study are discussed.

Discriminative and Reinforcing Functions of Four Verbal Stimuli

1969 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 555-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth L. Ault ◽  
Roger E. Vogler
Keyword(s):  
Discriminative Stimulus ◽  
Reinforcement Contingency ◽  
Blank Group ◽  
Verbal Stimuli ◽  
The Right

Only those Ss who were both aware of the response-reinforcement contingency and for whom the appropriate contingent stimuli were, in fact, reinforcing conditioned. The Right-blank group was significantly slower in learning than the Correct-blank, Wrong-blank, and Incorrect-blank groups, indicating the ambiguity of “Right” as a discriminative stimulus. A comparable number of Ss in each group reported the contingent stimuli to be reinforcing, thus showing the necessity of awareness to conditioning.

Shock Facilitation and Suppression of Alcohol- and Coke-Maintained Behavior

1972 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S. Davidson ◽  
Edward S. Wallach
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Reinforcement ◽  
Shock Intensity ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Light Flash ◽  
Red Light ◽  
The Other ◽  
Response Contingent ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
The Subject

3 long-term alcoholic patients were introduced to concurrent FR30coke FR30alcohol (30 responses on one manipulandum followed by coke reinforcement, 30 on the other followed by liquor), allowed to stabilize in responding for their preferred reinforcer, then exposed to shock of low intensity contingent on each reinforced response. The shock schedule was accompanied by a distinctive SD (response-contingent red light flash). Shock intensity was increased after every one or two sessions until the subject switched to the other available manipulandum (and reinforcer). Two of three subjects showed increasing rates of response (conditioned reinforcement) correlated with increasing shock intensities, followed by the reverse (suppression) prior to a switch to the other manipulandum. One subject showed only shock suppression over a narrow range of intensities. Later introduction of the SD for shock (red light) was sufficient on most occasions to facilitate a switch prior to shock. Four such reversals were accomplished in each subject.

Factors Affecting Behavior Maintained by Response-Contingent Intravenous Infusions of Amphetamine in Squirrel Monkeys

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 581-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Stretch ◽  
Gary J. Gerber ◽  
Susan M. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Discriminative Stimulus ◽  
Intramuscular Injection ◽  
State Dependence ◽  
Progressive Ratio ◽  
Ratio Schedule ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Response Contingent ◽  
Intravenous Infusions ◽  
Low Rate

Behavior developed and maintained in previously untrained monkeys by a modified progressive-ratio schedule of response-contingent intravenous infusions of d-amphetamine is described. Availability of amphetamine infusions can be restricted to relatively brief (2 h) daily sessions, once responding has been established, without disruption of self-administration behavior. When amphetamine infusions are replaced by saline, responding is reduced immediately to a low rate; when amphetamine infusions are replaced by saline and the session is preceded by an intramuscular injection of the drug (1.5 mg/kg), the pattern of responding is indistinguishable from that observed when drug infusions are available. If an external discriminative stimulus, normally associated with those periods in which infusions are available, is withdrawn, responding is reduced to a low rate. The discriminative stimulus entered into control of the behavior only when amphetamine had been administered by intravenous infusion or by intramuscular injection beforehand, reflecting, therefore, some form of 'state dependence'. Possible sources of interoceptive stimulation, arising from an infusion per se, did not control behavior to any significant extent. Results emphasize the need for specific control procedures when drug self-administration is to be conceptualized as an operant reinforcement effect.

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