The Effects of Response Contingent Shock on Stuttering

1966 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 340-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard R. Martin ◽  
Gerald M. Siegel
Keyword(s):  
Discriminative Stimulus ◽  
Stimulus Control ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Base Rate ◽  
Output Level ◽  
Discriminative Stimuli ◽  
Response Contingent ◽  
Rate Frequency

The effects of response contingent shock on stuttering frequency were studied in three adult male stutterers. Each subject’s stuttering frequency base rate was obtained, then response contingent shock and various discriminative stimuli were introduced. The general findings were: (1) introduction of response contingent shock reduced stuttering frequency essentially to zero, while removal of shock occasioned a return to base rate frequency; (2) specific stuttering behaviors could be independently manipulated; (3) for two subjects, the shock procedure did not systematically alter word output level; (4) stuttering frequency was brought under discriminative stimulus control.

The Effects of Simultaneously Punishing Stuttering and Rewarding Fluency

1966 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 466-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard R. Martin ◽  
Gerald M. Siegel
Keyword(s):  
Discriminative Stimulus ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Base Rate ◽  
Verbal Stimuli ◽  
Response Contingent ◽  
Rate Level ◽  
The Subject

Two adult, male stutterers read orally for eight experimental sessions separated by at least one week. Stuttering frequency was continuously recorded during all sessions. After stuttering frequency stabilized, the subject was introduced to the response-contingent verbal stimuli. For two sessions, a wrist strap was attached during the time the verbal stimuli were presented. In subsequent sessions the strap was attached, but no verbal stimuli were delivered. The findings were: (a) Presentation of response-contingent verbal stimuli resulted in a decrease in stuttering frequency. (b) Removal of the verbal stimuli was followed by an increase in stuttering frequency to base-rate level. (c) The wrist strap functioned as an effective discriminative stimulus. After it was paired with the verbal stimuli for a period of time, attachment of the strap alone resulted in decreased stuttering frequencies in several different experimental environments.

The Effect of Response Contingent Verbal Punishment on Stuttering

1967 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 795-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond W. Quist ◽  
Richard R. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Dramatic Reduction ◽  
Response Contingent

The effects of response contingent “wrong” on stuttering were studied in three adult male stutterers. Each subject’s stuttering baserate was obtained, then “wrong” was made contingent on each stuttering. For two subjects, “wrong” occasioned a 30% to 40% reduction in stuttering frequency. For a third subject, response contingent “wrong” produced almost total suppression of stuttering, removal of “wrong” was followed by a return to baserate frequency, and reintroduction of “wrong” resulted in an immediate and dramatic reduction in stuttering.

MULTI-ELEMENTAL DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULUS CONTROL

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. S113 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Lamb ◽  
T. U.C. Jarbe
Keyword(s):  
Discriminative Stimulus ◽  
Stimulus Control

MULTI-ELEMENTAL DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULUS CONTROL

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. S113
Author(s):  
R. J. Lamb ◽  
T. U.C. Jarbe
Keyword(s):  
Discriminative Stimulus ◽  
Stimulus Control

Note on Secondary Reinforcement using a Discriminative Stimulus from an Aversive Situation

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1242-1244
Author(s):  
W. W. Wenrich ◽  
D. D. Cahoon
Keyword(s):  
Discriminative Stimulus ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Secondary Reinforcement ◽  
Behavioral Analysis ◽  
Reinforcing Efficacy ◽  
Discriminative Stimuli ◽  
Conditioned Reinforcers ◽  
Aversive Situation ◽  
Reinforcing Stimuli

It is well known that discriminative stimuli can function as conditioned reinforcers. However, most of the empirical support for this conclusion has been derived from experiments with SDs established in appetitive situations rather than in situations in which reinforcement has stemmed from the removal of negatively reinforcing stimuli. In this project the reinforcing efficacy of SDs from the aversive situation is assessed, and the implications of the results for behavioral analysis and further experimentation are discussed.

Socially Mediated Stimulus Control in Pigeons

1969 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
William M. Wiest
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Stimulus Control ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Discriminative Stimuli ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Key Pecking

Conditions necessary for the development of social interaction were examined with 7 Observer pigeons, each working beside a Model pigeon. Observer was conditioned to pay attention to the Model's behavior. Model's key pecking rate on a multiple fixed-ratio, extinction schedule was controlled by stimuli projected on his key (not visible to Observer), but Observer, whose key always remained the same color, had no discriminative stimuli except those provided by Model's behavior. More precise control of Observer's behavior occurred when Model could be both seen and heard than when Model could be heard only.

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