Effect of Vicarious Punishment on Stuttering Frequency

1977 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Martin ◽  
Samuel Haroldson
Keyword(s):  
Dramatic Reduction ◽  
Response Contingent ◽  
The Third ◽  
Time Out ◽  
Contingent Stimulation

This investigation explored the effect of vicarious response-contingent stimulation on the frequency of stuttering. Twenty adult stutterers spoke for 20 minutes, then observed a speaker on a videotape for 10 minutes, and then spoke for an additional 20 minutes. In one condition the speaker on the videotape was a severe stutterer who experienced a dramatic reduction in stuttering under a contingent time-out procedure. In a second condition, the videotape speaker was a severe stutterer who received no experimental manipulations. In the third condition, the videotape speaker was a normal talker who received no experimental manipulations. All subjects participated in all three conditions. Twenty of the stutterers experienced a significant decrease in stuttering as a result of watching the videotape model who received contingent time-out. The subjects did not exhibit significant changes in stuttering after watching the severe stutterer who received no treatment or the normal talker.

The Effect of Response Contingent Verbal Punishment on Stuttering

1967 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 795-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond W. Quist ◽  
Richard R. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Dramatic Reduction ◽  
Response Contingent

The effects of response contingent “wrong” on stuttering were studied in three adult male stutterers. Each subject’s stuttering baserate was obtained, then “wrong” was made contingent on each stuttering. For two subjects, “wrong” occasioned a 30% to 40% reduction in stuttering frequency. For a third subject, response contingent “wrong” produced almost total suppression of stuttering, removal of “wrong” was followed by a return to baserate frequency, and reintroduction of “wrong” resulted in an immediate and dramatic reduction in stuttering.

A Preliminary Analysis of the Ameliorative Effects of Time-out from Speaking on Stuttering

1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 604-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack E. James ◽  
Lina A. Ricciardelli ◽  
Peter Rogers ◽  
Christine E. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Analysis ◽  
Speaking Rate ◽  
Fluency Training ◽  
Baseline Phase ◽  
Fluent Speech ◽  
Low Responders ◽  
Time Out ◽  
Baseline Response ◽  
Contingent Stimulation

Relatively few attempts have been made to systematically examine the processes responsible for the ameliorative effects of response-contingent stimulation (RCS) on stuttering. It was hypothesized that the reductions in stuttering that frequently accompany RCS are the result of the stutterer being encouraged to access extant fluent speech that may not be fully evident during "contingency-free" (CF) conditions. A preliminary analysis of the hypothesis was conducted by monitoring RCS and CF stuttering frequency and speaking rate in 20 adult stutterers before, during, and after a program of fluency training. Subjects were divided into "high" and "low" responders on the basis of their baseline response to the RCS procedure of time-out from speaking, after which they participated in a 32-hour program of fluency training aimed at minimizing stuttering. After showing a degree of relapse during a subsequent 6-mon follow-up, high and low responders were found to be equally affected by time-out. This result contrasted the differential response shown by the two groups during the baseline phase, and is consistent with the hypothesis that improvements in fluency during RCS may occur when stutterers access extant fluent speech that is not otherwise being fully utilized.

The Influence of Stutterer’s Expectancies of Improvement upon Response to Time-Out

1974 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack E. James ◽  
Roger J. Ingham
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Effects ◽  
Base Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Response Contingent ◽  
Time Out

The influence of the variable of stutterers' expectancies of improvement upon the efficacy of response-contingent time-out from speaking was investigated. Fourteen male stutterers were exposed to four conditions: base rate, time-out plus enhanced expectancies of improvement, base rate, and time-out plus allayed expectancies of improvement. Subjects' expectancies of improvement were manipulated by the administration of a placebo and instructions. Results indicated that time-out produced significant reductions in frequency of stuttering under both expectancy conditions, and that the efficacy of the procedure under one condition was not significantly different from its efficacy under the other. Other data collected allowed an independent check to be made of results obtained by previous investigators on the subjective effects of time-out. Discrepancies between the findings of other researchers ana those of the present study are discussed.

The Influence of Duration on the Effects of Time-Out from Speaking

1976 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack E. James
Keyword(s):  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Response Contingent ◽  
Time Out ◽  
Actual Duration

The influence of the variable of duration on the effects of time-out from speaking was investigated. Forty-five adolescent and adult stutterers participated in a study which examined the relative effects of time-out of one, five, 10, and 30 seconds and no time-out. Response-contingent time-out from speaking of all four durations resulted in significant reductions in stuttering frequency while the no time-out control showed no change. Although longer durations tended to effect greater reductions in stuttering frequency, no reliable differences between time-out durations were found. It was concluded that the punishing effects of the time-out from speaking procedure were predominantly due to its involving contingent interruption of speaking, and that the actual duration of the period of silence was comparatively unimportant. Present findings seem to provide little support for the notion that time-out from speaking primarily represents time-out from positive reinforcement.

Choosing a Treatment Procedure for Early Stuttering

1992 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 983-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Onslow
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Early Intervention ◽  
Treatment Procedure ◽  
Speech Language Pathologists ◽  
Response Contingent ◽  
Theoretical Reasoning ◽  
Treatment Procedures ◽  
Intervention Procedure ◽  
Contingent Stimulation

The new responsibility of speech-language pathologists to provide direct, early intervention for stuttering creates a further responsibility for them to choose justifiable treatment procedures for that intervention. This paper has two purposes. The first is to encourage clinicians to evaluate the conceptual and practical aspects of the treatments they use for early stuttering. The second purpose of the paper is to overview available early intervention procedures and consider the advantages, disadvantages, and prominent issues associated with each. The procedures considered are environment manipulation, prolonged speech, and response-contingent stimulation. It is concluded that clinicians have no cause to be satisfied with any currently available early intervention procedure. Further, it is concluded that (a) although anticipatory struggle theories have made a useful contribution to scholarship, their line of theoretical reasoning is questionable for clinical practice; (b) although theoretically sound for the purpose, variants of prolonged speech pose prohibitive conceptual and practical shortcomings if they are used to treat very young stuttering children; (c) despite its disadvantages, response contingent stimulation is the most conceptually and practically justifiable method for early intervention with stuttering.

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