Effect of Intraluminal Hydrocortisone on Solute and Water Absorption in the Human Jejunum

1984 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Crake ◽  
A. J. Crisp ◽  
M. Shearing ◽  
C. O. Record ◽  
G. I. Sandle
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Apical Membrane ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Jejunal Mucosa ◽  
Proximal Jejunum ◽  
Group Of Seven ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Jejunal Transport

1. To compare the effects of intravenous and intraluminal hydrocortisone on jejunal transport, the proximal jejunum was perfused with glucose (28 mmol/l) in saline in two groups of normal subjects. 2. In the first group of seven subjects, compared with the control period results there were no changes in sodium, water and glucose absorption during the intravenous administration of hydrocortisone. In contrast, intraluminal hydrocortisone (100 mg/l) increased sodium, water and glucose absorption by 169%, 223% and 81% respectively (P < 0.001 in each case) above the control values, when peripheral plasma cortisol levels were similar to those achieved with intravenous hydrocortisone. 3. In the second group of three subjects, intraluminal hydrocortisone (10 mg/l and 30 mg/l), followed by an intravenous infusion of hydrocortisone, had no effects on sodium, water and glucose absorption. 4. In a third group of six normal subjects perfused with fructose (28 mmol/l) in saline and bicarbonate (28 mmol/l) in saline intraluminal hydrocortisone (100 mg/l) had no effect on solute and water absorption. 5. These results suggest that intraluminal hydrocortisone stimulates glucose-coupled sodium transport by exerting a topical effect on the apical membrane of the jejunal mucosa.

Changes in Absorptive and Peptide Hydrolase Activities in Rat Small Intestine after Administration of 5-Fluorouracil

1978 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. G. Gardner ◽  
R. R. Samson ◽  
R. C. Heading
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Proximal Jejunum ◽  
Rat Small Intestine ◽  
Single Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Gastrointestinal Side Effects ◽  
Positive Correlations

1. Glucose absorption, water absorption and dipeptide hydrolase activities have been determined in isolated rat small intestine at 1, 3, 5 and 21 days after a single intraperitoneal injection of 5-fluorouracil. 2. Absorption rates and enzyme activities were elevated 1 day after treatment, but were reduced to 40% of control values at 3 and 5 days. Changes were seen regardless of whether absorption was expressed per unit length or per unit dry weight of intestine. 3. There were highly significant positive correlations between glucose or water absorption rates and peptidase activities, especially in proximal jejunum. The most significant correlation was observed between water absorption rate and jejunal l-Leu-Gly hydrolase activity. 4. Malabsorption may account for some of the gastrointestinal side effects associated with treatment with 5-fluorouracil. Enzyme measurements may be useful as an index of intestinal function.

PLASMA CONCENTRATION OF TESTOSTERONE, DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE, TESTOSTERONE-OESTRADIOL BINDING GLOBULIN, AND PITUITARY GONADOTROPHINS IN THE SYNDROME OF MALE PSEUDO-HERMAPHRODITISM WITH TESTICULAR FEMINIZATION

1972 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland R. Tremblay ◽  
Thomas P. Foley ◽  
Pierre Corvol ◽  
In-Joo Park ◽  
Avinoam Kowarski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Testicular Feminization ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Serum Lh ◽  
High Concentrations

ABSTRACT Twenty patients with the syndrome of testicular feminization have been studied along with a group of normal subjects of both sexes and of comparable ages. Peripheral and gonadal venous blood were analysed for their content in testosterone (T), androstenedione (Δ), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), testosterone-oestradiol binding globulin (TeBG), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Normal or even higher than normal male concentrations of T, Δ, and DHT were observed. An actual secretion of the three androgens by the testis was demonstrated. Elevated levels of serum LH were found despite normal male or higher levels of T, Δ, and DHT. High concentrations of TeBG presumably could alter the dynamics of plasma androgens. The gonadal production of DHT and the normal levels of DHT in peripheral plasma shows that 5α-reductase activity is definitely present in the patients.

Determinants of poststimulus potentiation in humans during NREM sleep

1992 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 1958-1971 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Badr ◽  
J. B. Skatrud ◽  
J. A. Dempsey
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Periodic Breathing ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Central Apnea ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Arterial Pco2 ◽  
End Tidal ◽  
Sustained Hypoxia

To test whether active hyperventilation activates the “afterdischarge” mechanism during non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep, we investigated the effect of abrupt termination of active hypoxia-induced hyperventilation in normal subjects during NREM sleep. Hypoxia was induced for 15 s, 30 s, 1 min, and 5 min. The last two durations were studied under both isocapnic and hypocapnic conditions. Hypoxia was abruptly terminated with 100% inspiratory O2 fraction. Several room air-to-hyperoxia transitions were performed to establish a control period for hyperoxia after hypoxia transitions. Transient hyperoxia alone was associated with decreased expired ventilation (VE) to 90 +/- 7% of room air. Hyperoxic termination of 1 min of isocapnic hypoxia [end-tidal PO2 (PETO2) 63 +/- 3 Torr] was associated with VE persistently above the hyperoxic control for four to six breaths. In contrast, termination of 30 s or 1 min of hypocapnic hypoxia [PETO2 49 +/- 3 and 48 +/- 2 Torr, respectively; end-tidal PCO2 (PETCO2) decreased by 2.5 or 3.8 Torr, respectively] resulted in hypoventilation for 45 s and prolongation of expiratory duration (TE) for 18 s. Termination of 5 min of isocapnic hypoxia (PETO2 63 +/- 3 Torr) was associated with central apnea (longest TE 200% of room air); VE remained below the hyperoxic control for 49 s. Termination of 5 min of hypocapnic hypoxia (PETO2 64 +/- 4 Torr, PETCO2 decreased by 2.6 Torr) was also associated with central apnea (longest TE 500% of room air). VE remained below the hyperoxic control for 88 s. We conclude that 1) poststimulus hyperpnea occurs in NREM sleep as long as hypoxia is brief and arterial PCO2 is maintained, suggesting the activation of the afterdischarge mechanism; 2) transient hypocapnia overrides the potentiating effects of afterdischarge, resulting in hypoventilation; and 3) sustained hypoxia abolishes the potentiating effects of after-discharge, resulting in central apnea. These data suggest that the inhibitory effects of sustained hypoxia and hypocapnia may interact to cause periodic breathing.

The Source of Serum Ferritin during Infection. Studies with Concanavalin A–Sepharose Absorption

1980 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 385-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Birgegård
Keyword(s):  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
Concanavalin A ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Group Of Seven ◽  
Acute Infections ◽  
Before And After

1. Serum samples were collected from ten patients hospitalized for acute infections and from a control group of seven normal subjects. Tissue ferritin was obtained by purification of ferritin from normal human liver and from the ferritin standard of a commercially available assay kit. 2. The serum and tissue samples were incubated with concanavalin A-Sepharose, which has the ability to bind normal serum ferritin. 3. Concanavalin A, a plant lectin which binds to glucose, can be coupled to Sepharose particles and by incubation and centrifugation ferritin in normal serum can be absorbed to about 70%. The serum and tissue samples were incubated with concanavalin A-Sepharose and the ferritin content was measured before and after. 4. It was found that ferritin in the serum of patients with acute infections was absorbed to the same extent as in normal serum (about 80%), irrespective of the initial value. Only about 20% of the tissue ferritin was absorbed. 5. It is concluded that the ferritin in serum during infection is of the same glucosylated type as the ferritin normally present in serum, whereas intracellular ferritin is not glycosylated. This indicates that the elevation of serum ferritin during infection is caused by a release along the normal pathways, i.e. an augmented synthesis, not by leakage from damaged cells.

Cholinergic stimulation induces asynchrony between the circular and longitudinal muscle contraction during esophageal peristalsis

2008 ◽  
Vol 294 (3) ◽  
pp. G694-G698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hariprasad Korsapati ◽  
Arash Babaei ◽  
Valmik Bhargava ◽  
Ravinder K. Mittal
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Muscle ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Temporal Correlation ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Esophageal Peristalsis ◽  
Nutcracker Esophagus ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Time

In healthy subjects, a close temporal correlation exists between contractions of the circular muscle (CM) and longitudinal muscle (LM) layers of the esophagus. Patients with nutcracker esophagus show disassociation between the peak of contractions of the CM and LM layers and the peak of contraction 1–3 s apart (Jung HY, Puckett JL, Bhalla V, Rojas-Feria M, Bhargava V, Liu J, Mittal RK. Gastroenterology 128: 1179–1186, 2005). The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (edrophonium) and acetylcholine receptor antagonist (atropine) on human esophageal peristalsis in normal subjects. High-frequency intraluminal ultrasound imaging and manometry were performed simultaneously during swallow-induced peristalsis in ten normal subjects. Standardized 5-ml water swallows were recorded 2 cm above the lower esophageal sphincter under three study conditions: control, edrophonium (80 μg/kg iv), and atropine (10 μg/kg iv). A close temporal correlation exists between the peak pressure and peak wall thickness during the control period. The mean time lag between the peak LM and peak CM contraction was 0.03 s. After edrophonium administration, the mean contraction amplitude increased from 101 ± 9 mmHg to 150 ± 20 mmHg ( P < 0.05) and mean peak muscle thickness increased from 3.0 ± 0.2 mm to 3.6 ± 0.3 mm ( P < 0.01), and duration of both CM and LM contractions were also increased. Furthermore, the mean time difference between the peak LM and CM was increased to 1.1 s, (ranging 0.2 to 3.4 s) ( P < 0.0001). We conclude that cholinomimetic agent induces discoordination between the two muscle layers of the esophagus.

Effect of an enkephalin-analogue (FK 33-824) on glucose tolerance in man

1983 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Jeanrenaud ◽  
E. Maeder ◽  
E. Del Pozo ◽  
J. P. Felber
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Oral Glucose Load ◽  
Glucose Load ◽  
Oral Test ◽  
Insulin Response To Glucose ◽  
Glucose Curve

Abstract. The purpose of the present work was to study the effect of a methionine-enkephalin analogue (FK 33-824) on glucose tolerance in man. Groups of 5 to 8 normal subjects were given a 0.5 mg im injection of the drug or placebo just before a 100 g oral glucose load or a 0.5 g/kg iv glucose load. In the enkephalin analogue treated subjects, diminished insulin response to glucose was observed following the oral glucose load, with insulin values significantly lower than in the controls from time 10 to 90 min, but no corresponding change in the glucose curve. This effect was not observed when glucose was given iv in another group of 5 subjects in whom the significant blunting of the insulin response was accompanied by a significant decrease in glucose tolerance. These observations demonstrate that in man, enkephalin produces a decrease in insulin secretion in response to both oral and iv glucose loads. The absence of any marked impairment in glucose tolerance in the oral test in spite of the decreased insulin response suggests that enkephalin might have an additional effect in delaying glucose absorption.

Effect of episodic hypoxia on upper airway mechanics in humans during NREM sleep

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 2565-2570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahdi Shkoukani ◽  
Mark A. Babcock ◽  
M. Safwan Badr
Keyword(s):  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Hypoxic Exposure ◽  
Airway Mechanics ◽  
Episodic Hypoxia ◽  
Long Term Facilitation

We hypothesized that long-term facilitation (LTF) is due to decreased upper airway resistance (Rua). We studied 11 normal subjects during stable non-rapid eye movement sleep. We induced brief isocapnic hypoxia (inspired O2fraction = 8%) (3 min) followed by 5 min of room air. This sequence was repeated 10 times. Measurements were obtained during control, hypoxia, and at 20 min of recovery (R20) for ventilation, timing, and Rua. In addition, nine subjects were studied in a sham study with no hypoxic exposure. During the episodic hypoxia study, inspiratory minute ventilation (V˙i) increased from 7.1 ± 1.8 l/min during the control period to 8.3 ± 1.8 l/min at R20 (117% of control; P < 0.05). Conversely, there was no change in diaphragmatic electromyogram (EMGdia) between control (16.1 ± 6.9 arbitrary units) and R20 (15.3 ± 4.9 arbitrary units) (95% of control; P > 0.05). In contrast, increasedV˙i was associated with decreased Rua from 10.7 ± 7.5 cmH2O · l−1 · s during control to 8.2 ± 4.4 cmH2O · l−1 · s at R20 (77% of control; P < 0.05). No change was noted in V˙i, Rua, or EMGdia during the recovery period relative to control during the sham study. We conclude the following: 1) increased V˙i in the recovery period is indicative of LTF, 2) the lack of increased EMGdia suggests lack of LTF to the diaphragm, 3) reduced Rua suggests LTF of upper airway dilators, and 4) increased V˙i in the recovery period is due to “unloading” of the upper airway by LTF of upper airway dilators.

Mechanisms of enhanced canine enteric absorption with intestinal pacing

1987 ◽  
Vol 252 (4) ◽  
pp. G548-G553 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bjorck ◽  
K. A. Kelly ◽  
S. F. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Small Bowel ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Jejunal Loop ◽  
Beta Blockade ◽  
Ileal Loop ◽  
Pacesetter Potentials ◽  
Alpha Blockade ◽  
Ileal Absorption ◽  
Electrical Pacing

Electrical pacing enhances absorption from the canine small bowel, but the mechanism of this effect is unknown. To explore the mechanism, conscious dogs with two Vella loops, a proximal jejunal and a distal ileal, each 50 cm long, were studied. Pacing the jejunal loop with 15–18 pulses/min entrained the pacesetter potentials of the jejunal loop and increased water, sodium, and glucose absorption from the jejunal loop. Jejunal pacing also increased water absorption from the unpaced, ileal loop. Conversely, ileal pacing did not entrain the ileal loop or enhance absorption from the ileal loop. However, it did enhance water absorption in the unpaced jejunal loop. After alpha-blockade with phentolamine or celiac and superior mesenteric ganglionectomy, jejunal pacing did not increase jejunal or ileal absorption. In contrast, after beta-blockade with propranolol, pacing still enhanced jejunal absorption in three out of four dogs. Vagotomy alone enhanced jejunal but not ileal absorption, but the enhancement was not further increased by pacing. In conclusion, electrical pacing of the small bowel elicited a local and distant increase in net water absorption; the effect was mediated in part by an alpha-adrenergic mechanism.

Effect of Carbamazepine on Plasma and Urine Arginine-Vasopressin

1978 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. Thomas ◽  
S. G. Ball ◽  
J. K. Wales ◽  
M. R. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Drug Treatment ◽  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Sodium Plasma

1. Five normal subjects were studied before and during treatment with carbamazepine. 2. Plasma sodium, plasma and urine arginine-vasopressin and urine osmolality were measured during a day of water deprivation, before and during drug treatment. 3. During treatment with carbamazepine plasma sodium increased whereas plasma and urine arginine-vasopressin and urine osmolality decreased. Plasma and urine arginine-vasopressin were significantly correlated with urine osmolality. However, carbamazepine did not affect the osmolality of urine produced by the kidney, in response to endogenous arginine-vasopressin. 4. Plasma and urine arginine-vasopressin were significantly correlated with plasma sodium on both control and drug-treatment days, but the relationships of plasma and urine arginine-vasopressin to plasma sodium were different during carbamazepine treatment, as compared with the control period. 5. It is suggested that the threshold of the hypothalamic osmoreceptors for release of arginine-vasopressin is modified by carbamazepine, and that this may be either a direct action or secondary to another action of the drug.

IgA SYNTHESIS BY JEJUNAL BIOPSIES FROM PATIENTS WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS AND HEREDITARY PANCREATITIS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-54
Author(s):  
Z. Myron Falchuk ◽  
Lynn M. Taussig
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Leucine Incorporation ◽  
Jejunal Mucosa ◽  
Hereditary Pancreatitis ◽  
Biopsy Specimens ◽  
Serum Iga ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Iga Production

Immunologic abnormalities have been described recently in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). We have evaluated local IgA production by jejunal mucosa in vitro in seven patients with CF, seven patients with hereditary pancreatitis (HP), and 29 normal subjects. IgA synthesis in biopsy specimens was assessed by measuring 14C-L-leucine incorporation into IgA. Pancreatic enzymes were absent in all CF patients, and in two of seven HP patients; in four HP patients enzyme levels were reduced to 20% of normal. The mean IgA incorporation value in CF patients was 20,373 ± 9,244 cpm/mg protein (mean ± SD), and in HP patients was 11,403 ± 4,585, both values significantly greater than normal (6,688 ± 2,449) (p µ 0.001). In addition, the mean IgA incorporation value in CF patients was greater than the value in HP patients. (p µ 0.05). Within each patient group there was no correlation between IgA incorporation values and serum IgA levels, age, Shwachman score, severity of lung disease, type of bacteria in sputum cultures, or roentgenographic abnormalities of the small bowel. The most reasonable explanation for the findings is that patients with CF and HP are under an increased local antigenic stimulus, perhaps due to an altered gastrointestinal environment which leads to increased local IgA production.

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