scholarly journals Interfacial Interactions between Protective, Surface-Engineered Shells and Encapsulated Bacteria with Different Cell Surface Composition

Nanoscale ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Wei ◽  
Xiao-Yu Yang ◽  
Wei Geng ◽  
Henny C. Van der Mei ◽  
Henk J. Busscher
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Surface Composition ◽  
Cell Encapsulation ◽  
Interfacial Interactions ◽  
Genetic Method ◽  
Bacterial Surfaces ◽  
Encapsulated Bacteria ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Encapsulation Methods

Surface-engineered encapsulation is a non-genetic method to protect living organisms against harsh environmental conditions. Different cell encapsulation methods exist, yielding shells with different interfacial-interactions with encapsulated, bacterial surfaces. However, the...

Living organisms influence on environmental conditions: pH modulation by amphibian embryos versus aluminum toxicity

Chemosphere ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 139 ◽  
pp. 210-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Herkovits ◽  
Luis Alberto Castañaga ◽  
José Luis D’Eramo ◽  
Victoria Platonova Jourani
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Amphibian Embryos ◽  
Living Organisms

scholarly journals Bacterial Cell Wall Quality Control during Environmental Stress

mBio ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Mueller ◽  
Petra Anne Levin
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Environmental Stress ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Bacterial Cell ◽  
Cell Shape ◽  
Bacterial Cell Wall ◽  
Peptidoglycan Synthesis ◽  
Peptidoglycan Cell Wall

ABSTRACT Single-celled organisms must adapt their physiology to persist and propagate across a wide range of environmental conditions. The growth and division of bacterial cells depend on continuous synthesis of an essential extracellular barrier: the peptidoglycan cell wall, a polysaccharide matrix that counteracts turgor pressure and confers cell shape. Unlike many other essential processes and structures within the bacterial cell, the peptidoglycan cell wall and its synthesis machinery reside at the cell surface and are thus uniquely vulnerable to the physicochemical environment and exogenous threats. In addition to the diversity of stressors endangering cell wall integrity, defects in peptidoglycan metabolism require rapid repair in order to prevent osmotic lysis, which can occur within minutes. Here, we review recent work that illuminates mechanisms that ensure robust peptidoglycan metabolism in response to persistent and acute environmental stress. Advances in our understanding of bacterial cell wall quality control promise to inform the development and use of antimicrobial agents that target the synthesis and remodeling of this essential macromolecule. IMPORTANCE Nearly all bacteria are encased in a peptidoglycan cell wall, an essential polysaccharide structure that protects the cell from osmotic rupture and reinforces cell shape. The integrity of this protective barrier must be maintained across the diversity of environmental conditions wherein bacteria replicate. However, at the cell surface, the cell wall and its synthesis machinery face unique challenges that threaten their integrity. Directly exposed to the extracellular environment, the peptidoglycan synthesis machinery encounters dynamic and extreme physicochemical conditions, which may impair enzymatic activity and critical protein-protein interactions. Biotic and abiotic stressors—including host defenses, cell wall active antibiotics, and predatory bacteria and phage—also jeopardize peptidoglycan integrity by introducing lesions, which must be rapidly repaired to prevent cell lysis. Here, we review recently discovered mechanisms that promote robust peptidoglycan synthesis during environmental and acute stress and highlight the opportunities and challenges for the development of cell wall active therapeutics.

scholarly journals Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for the discrimination of Arthrobacter strains based on variations in cell surface composition

The Analyst ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 137 (18) ◽  
pp. 4280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate E. Stephen ◽  
Darren Homrighausen ◽  
Glen DePalma ◽  
Cindy H. Nakatsu ◽  
Joseph Irudayaraj
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Surface Composition ◽  
Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Surface Enhanced ◽  
Surface Enhanced Raman

Carbon Source Dependence of Cell Surface Composition and Demulsifying Capability ofAlcaligenessp. S-XJ-1

2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 3056-3064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangfeng Huang ◽  
Kaiming Peng ◽  
Lijun Lu ◽  
Ruofei Wang ◽  
Jia Liu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Surface Composition

scholarly journals Extreme climatic events in relation to global change and their impact on life histories

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Moreno ◽  
Anders Pape Møller
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Reproductive Effort ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Extreme Weather ◽  
Reproductive Failure ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Extreme Climatic Events ◽  
Empirical Tests ◽  
Living Organisms

Abstract Extreme weather conditions occur at an increasing rate as evidenced by higher frequency of hurricanes and more extreme precipitation and temperature anomalies. Such extreme environmental conditions will have important implications for all living organisms through greater frequency of reproductive failure and reduced adult survival. We review examples of reproductive failure and reduced survival related to extreme weather conditions. Phenotypic plasticity may not be sufficient to allow adaptation to extreme weather for many animals. Theory predicts reduced reproductive effort as a response to increased stochasticity. We predict that patterns of natural selection will change towards truncation selection as environmental conditions become more extreme. Such changes in patterns of selection may facilitate adaptation to extreme events. However, effects of selection on reproductive effort are difficult to detect. We present a number of predictions for the effects of extreme weather conditions in need of empirical tests. Finally, we suggest a number of empirical reviews that could improve our ability to judge the effects of extreme environmental conditions on life history.

scholarly journals Adaptations of the Secretome of Candida albicans in Response to Host-Related Environmental Conditions

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 1165-1172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frans M. Klis ◽  
Stanley Brul
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Surface Stress ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Content Type ◽  
General Response ◽  
Culture Supernatants

ABSTRACTThe wall proteome and the secretome of the fungal pathogenCandida albicanshelp it to thrive in multiple niches of the human body. Mass spectrometry has allowed researchers to study the dynamics of both subproteomes. Here, we discuss some major responses of the secretome to host-related environmental conditions. Three β-1,3-glucan-modifying enzymes, Mp65, Sun41, and Tos1, are consistently found in large amounts in culture supernatants, suggesting that they are needed for construction and expansion of the cell wall β-1,3-glucan layer and thus correlate with growth and might serve as diagnostic biomarkers. The genesENG1,CHT3, andSCW11, which encode an endoglucanase, the major chitinase, and a β-1,3-glucan-modifying enzyme, respectively, are periodically expressed and peak in M/G1. The corresponding protein abundances in the medium correlate with the degree of cell separation during single-yeast-cell, pseudohyphal, and hyphal growth. We also discuss the observation that cells treated with fluconazole, or other agents causing cell surface stress, form pseudohyphal aggregates. Fluconazole-treated cells secrete abundant amounts of the transglucosylase Phr1, which is involved in the accumulation of β-1,3-glucan in biofilms, raising the question whether this is a general response to cell surface stress. Other abundant secretome proteins also contribute to biofilm formation, emphasizing the important role of secretome proteins in this mode of growth. Finally, we discuss the relevance of these observations to therapeutic intervention. Together, these data illustrate thatC. albicansactively adapts its secretome to environmental conditions, thus promoting its survival in widely divergent niches of the human body.

The Use of X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy for the Study of Oral Streptococcal Cell Surfaces

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 388-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.C. Van Der Mei ◽  
H.J. Busscher
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Surface Composition ◽  
Cell Surface Hydrophobicity ◽  
Surface Hydrophobicity ◽  
Contact Angles ◽  
Microbial Cell ◽  
Cell Surfaces ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
X Ray

Physicochemical and structural properties of microbial cell surfaces play an important role in their adhesion to surfaces and are determined by the chemical composition of the outermost cell surface. Many traditional methods used to determine microbial cell wall composition require fractionation of the organisms and consequently do not yield information about the composition of the outermost cell surface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measures the elemental composition of the outermost cell surfaces of micro-organisms. The technique requires freeze-drying of the organisms, but, nevertheless, elemental surface concentration ratios of oral streptococcal cell surfaces with peritrichously arranged surface structures showed good relationships with physicochemical properties measured under physiological conditions, such as zeta potentials. Isoelectric points ap-peared to be governed by the relative abundance of oxygen- and nitrogen-containing groups on the cell surfaces. Also, the intrinsic microbial cell-surface hydrophobicity by water contact angles related to the cell-surface composition as by XPS and was highest for strains with an elevated isoelectric point. Inclusion of elemental surface compositions for tufted streptococcal strains caused deterioration of the relationships found. Interestingly, hierarchical cluster analysis on the basis of the elemental surface compositions revealed that, of 36 different streptococcal strains, only four S. rattus as well as nine S. mitis strains were located in distinct groups, well separated from the other streptococcal strains, which were all more or less mixed in one group.

scholarly journals Variation among species in proteomic sulphur content is related to environmental conditions

2006 ◽  
Vol 273 (1591) ◽  
pp. 1293-1300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason G Bragg ◽  
Dominique Thomas ◽  
Peggy Baudouin-Cornu
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Composition ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Base Composition ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Sulphur Content ◽  
Methionine Residues ◽  
Living Organisms

The elemental composition of proteins influences the quantities of different elements required by organisms. Here, we considered variation in the sulphur content of whole proteomes among 19 Archaea, 122 Eubacteria and 10 eukaryotes whose genomes have been fully sequenced. We found that different species vary greatly in the sulphur content of their proteins, and that average sulphur content of proteomes and genome base composition are related. Forces contributing to variation in proteomic sulphur content appear to operate quite uniformly across the proteins of different species. In particular, the sulphur content of orthologous proteins was frequently correlated with mean proteomic sulphur contents. Among prokaryotes, proteomic sulphur content tended to be greater in anaerobes, relative to non-anaerobes. Thermophiles tended to have lower proteomic sulphur content than non-thermophiles, consistent with the thermolability of cysteine and methionine residues. This work suggests that persistent environmental growth conditions can influence the evolution of elemental composition of whole proteomes in a manner that may have important implications for the amount of sulphur used by living organisms to build proteins. It extends previous studies that demonstrated links between transient changes in environmental conditions and the elemental composition of subsets of proteins expressed under these conditions.

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