Biofilm development on carbon nanotube/polymer nanocomposites

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 545-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Goodwin ◽  
Z. Xia ◽  
T. B. Gordon ◽  
C. Gao ◽  
E. J. Bouwer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Polymer Nanocomposites ◽  
Cytotoxic Effect ◽  
Polymer Nanocomposite ◽  
Biofilm Development

Carbon nanotube/polymer nanocomposite surfaces impact biofilm development through the cytotoxic effect of exposed carbon nanotubes on microorganisms.

A closed-form model for estimating the effective thermal conductivities of carbon nanotube–polymer nanocomposites

2018 ◽  
Vol 233 (8) ◽  
pp. 2909-2919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Moheimani ◽  
M Hasansade
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Closed Form ◽  
Polymer Nanocomposites ◽  
Micromechanical Model ◽  
Polymer Nanocomposite ◽  
Interfacial Thermal Resistance ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Thermal Conductivities

This paper describes a closed-form unit cell micromechanical model for estimating the effective thermal conductivities of unidirectional carbon nanotube reinforced polymer nanocomposites. The model incorporates the typically observed misalignment and curvature of carbon nanotubes into the polymer nanocomposites. Also, the interfacial thermal resistance between the carbon nanotube and the polymer matrix is considered in the nanocomposite simulation. The micromechanics model is seen to produce reasonable agreement with available experimental data for the effective thermal conductivities of polymer nanocomposites reinforced with different carbon nanotube volume fractions. The results indicate that the thermal conductivities are strongly dependent on the waviness wherein, even a slight change in the carbon nanotube curvature can induce a prominent change in the polymer nanocomposite thermal conducting behavior. In general, the carbon nanotube curvature improves the nanocomposite thermal conductivity in the transverse direction. However, using the straight carbon nanotubes leads to maximum levels of axial thermal conductivities. With the increase in carbon nanotube diameter, an enhancement in nanocomposite transverse thermal conductivity is observed. Also, the results of micromechanical simulation show that it is necessary to form a perfectly bonded interface if the full potential of carbon nanotube reinforcement is to be realized.

A Carbon Nanotubes Aggregation in Polymer Nanocomposites

2018 ◽  
Vol 935 ◽  
pp. 55-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise B. Atlukhanova ◽  
George V. Kozlov
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Polymer Nanocomposites ◽  
Packing Density ◽  
Elasticity Modulus ◽  
Aggregation Process ◽  
Walk Dimension

Carbon nanotubes aggregation process in aggregates (bundles) has been studied. This process results in essential reduction of nanocomposites attainable elasticity modulus. The bundles packing density is defined by aggregation expectation time and corresponding carbon nanotube walk dimension up to sticking with a similar nanotube.

Interphase influences on the mechanical behavior of carbon nanotube–shape memory polymer nanocomposites: A micromechanical approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 463-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
MK Hassanzadeh-Aghdam ◽  
MJ Mahmoodi ◽  
R Ansari ◽  
A Darvizeh
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Shape Memory ◽  
Polymer Nanocomposites ◽  
Elastic Moduli ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Shape Memory Polymer ◽  
Micromechanical Model ◽  
Elastic Behavior ◽  
Interphase Region

The effects of interphase characteristics on the elastic behavior of randomly dispersed carbon nanotube–reinforced shape memory polymer nanocomposites are investigated using a three-dimensional unit cell–based micromechanical method. The interphase region is formed due to non-bonded van der Waals interaction between a carbon nanotube and a shape memory polymer. The influences of temperature, diameter, volume fraction, and arrangement type of carbon nanotubes within the matrix as well as two interphase factors, including adhesion exponent and thickness on the carbon nanotube/shape memory polymer nanocomposite’s longitudinal and transverse elastic moduli, are explored extensively. Moreover, the results are presented for the shape memory polymer nanocomposites containing randomly oriented carbon nanotubes. The obtained results clearly demonstrate that the interphase region plays a crucial role in the modeling of the carbon nanotube/shape memory polymer nanocomposite’s elastic moduli. It is observed that the nanocomposite’s elastic moduli remarkably increase with increasing interphase thickness or decreasing adhesion exponent. It is found that when the interphase is considered in the micromechanical simulation, the shape memory polymer nanocomposite’s elastic moduli non-linearly increase as the carbon nanotube diameter decreases. The predictions of the present micromechanical model are compared with those of other analytical methods and available experiments.

scholarly journals Polymer Nanocomposites having a High Filler Content: Synthesis, Structures, Properties, and Applications

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Harito ◽  
Dmitry V Bavykin ◽  
Brian Yuliarto ◽  
Hermawan K Dipojono ◽  
Frank C. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Polymer Nanocomposites ◽  
Filler Content ◽  
Filler Particle ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Polymer Nanocomposite ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Matrix Interface ◽  
Metal Carbides ◽  
Transition Metal Carbides

The recent development of nanoscale fillers, such as carbon nanotube, graphene, and nanocellulose, allows the functionality of polymer nanocomposites to be controlled and enhanced. However, conventional synthesis methods of polymer nanocomposites cannot maximise the reinforcement of these nanofillers at high filler content. Approaches to the synthesis of high content filler polymer nanocomposites are suggested to facilitate future applications. The fabrication methods address design of the polymer nanocomposite architecture, which encompass one, two, and three dimensional morphology. Factors that hamper the reinforcement of nanostructures, such as alignment, dispersion of filler as well as interfacial bonding between filler and polymer are outlined. Using suitable approaches, maximum potential reinforcement of nanoscale filler can be anticipated without limitations in orientation, dispersion, and the integrity of the filler particle-matrix interface. High filler content polymer composites containing emerging materials such as 2D transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides (MXenes) are expected in the future.

scholarly journals Model Progress for Tensile Power of Polymer Nanocomposites Reinforced with Carbon Nanotubes by Percolating Interphase Zone and Network Aspects

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasser Zare ◽  
Kyong Yop Rhee
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Polymer Nanocomposites ◽  
Simple Simulation ◽  
Advanced Model

In the present work, a simple simulation is advanced based on a Callister equation considering the impacts of interphase and carbon nanotube (CNT) nets on the strength of nanocomposites after percolation onset. The advanced model can analyze the strength of nanocomposite by filler aspect ratio (α), percolation beginning ( φ p ), interphase depth (t), interphase power (σi), net density (N), and net power (σN). The empirical consequences of several samples agree with the estimations of the industrialised model. The nanocomposite strength straightly depends on “α”, “t”, “σi”, “N”, and “σN”, while the radius and percolation onset of CNT play the inverse characters. The reasonable impacts of net and interphase possessions on the nanocomposite strength rationalise the accurate progress of the Callister equation.

scholarly journals Polymer Nanocomposites having a High Filler Content: Synthesis, Structures, Properties, and Applications

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Harito ◽  
Dmitry V Bavykin ◽  
Brian Yuliarto ◽  
Hermawan K Dipojono ◽  
Frank C Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Polymer Nanocomposites ◽  
Filler Content ◽  
Filler Particle ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Polymer Nanocomposite ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Matrix Interface ◽  
Metal Carbides ◽  
Transition Metal Carbides

The recent development of nanoscale fillers, such as carbon nanotube, graphene, and nanocellulose, allows the functionality of polymer nanocomposites to be controlled and enhanced. However, conventional synthesis methods of polymer nanocomposites cannot maximise the reinforcement of these nanofillers at high filler content. Approaches to the synthesis of high content filler polymer nanocomposites are suggested to facilitate future applications. The fabrication methods address design of the polymer nanocomposite architecture, which encompass one, two, and three dimensional morphology. Factors that hamper the reinforcement of nanostructures, such as alignment, dispersion of filler as well as interfacial bonding between filler and polymer are outlined. Using suitable approaches, maximum potential reinforcement of nanoscale filler can be anticipated without limitations in orientation, dispersion, and the integrity of the filler particle-matrix interface. High filler content polymer composites containing emerging materials such as 2D transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides (MXenes) are expected in the future.

scholarly journals 3D Monte Carlo simulation modeling for the electrical conductivity of carbon nanotube-incorporated polymer nanocomposite using resistance network formation

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nanzhu Zhao 1 ◽  
Yongha Kim 1 ◽  
Joseph H. Koo 1
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulation ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Network Formation ◽  
Polymer Nanocomposite ◽  
Electrical Percolation ◽  
Resistance Network ◽  
3D Monte Carlo

High electrical and thermal conductivity associated with high stiffness and strength offer tremendous opportunities to the development of a series of carbon nanotube incorporated composite materials for a variety of applications. In particular, a small amount of carbon fibers or carbon nanotubes in a non-conductive polymer will transform a composite into a conductive material, which reveals superb potential of their future application in electronic devices. The relation between the amount of carbon nanotubes in a polymer and the electrical conductivity of it can be studied experimentally as well as theoretically with various simulation models. A three-dimensional (3D) Monte Carlo simulation model using resistance network formation was developed to study the relation between the electrical conductivity of the polymer nanocomposite and the amount of carbon nanotubes dispersed in it. In this model, carbon nanotubes were modeled as curvy cylindrical nanotubes with various lengths and fixed tube diameter, all of which were randomly distributed in a non-conductive constrained volume, which represents polymer. The model can be used to find the volumetric electrical resistance of a constrained cubic structure by forming a comprehensive resistance network among all of the nanotubes in contact. As more and more nanotubes were added into the volume, the electrical conductivity of the volume increases exponentially. However, once the amount of carbon nanotubes reached about 0.1 % vt (volume percentage), electrical percolation was detected, which was consistent with the experimental results. This model can be used to estimate the electrical conductivity of the composite matrix as well as to acquire the electrical percolation threshold.

A new micromechanics approach for predicting the elastic response of polymer nanocomposites reinforced with randomly oriented and distributed wavy carbon nanotubes

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (20) ◽  
pp. 2899-2912 ◽  
Author(s):  
MK Hassanzadeh-Aghdam ◽  
R Ansari ◽  
A Darvizeh
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Polymer Nanocomposites ◽  
Random Distribution ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Unit Cell ◽  
Elastic Behavior ◽  
Random Orientation ◽  
Reinforced Polymer ◽  
The Matrix

A comprehensive investigation is carried out into the elastic behavior of carbon nanotube-reinforced polymer nanocomposites using two combined analytical micromechanical methods. A unit cell-based micromechanical method is developed to model the random distribution of carbon nanotubes within the polymer matrix. Also, the Eshelby method is used for modeling the random orientation state of carbon nanotubes within the matrix. Two fundamental aspects affecting the mechanical behavior of carbon nanotube/polymer nanocomposites, including the carbon nanotube waviness and the interphase formed due to the non-boned interaction between the carbon nanotube and the surrounding polymer, are considered in the unit cell method. Comparisons between the results of present method and experimental data reveal that for more realistic predictions, five important factors including, random orientation and random distribution of carbon nanotubes, interphase, waviness and transversely isotropic behavior of carbon nanotube should be considered in the modeling of carbon nanotube-reinforced polymer nanocomposites. The effects of volume fraction, number of waves and waviness factor of carbon nanotube as well as the type of random distribution of CNTs within the matrix on the elastic modulus of the polymer nanocomposites are studied.

scholarly journals Характеристики нанонаполнителя и межфазных областей в нанокомпозитах полимер/углеродные нанотрубки с эластомерной и стеклообразной матрицей

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-477
Author(s):  
Luiza В. Atlukhanova ◽  
Igor V. Dolbin ◽  
Georgii V. Kozlov
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
New York ◽  
Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Polymer Nanocomposites ◽  
Thermoplastic Polyurethane ◽  
Electrically Conductive ◽  
Toughness Enhancement ◽  
Polyurethane Nanocomposites ◽  
Structure Properties

Целью настоящей работы является раздельное определение модуля упругос-ти компонент нанокомпозитов полидициклопентандиен/многослойные углеродные на-нотрубки, а именно, нанонаполнителя и межфазных областей. Для достижения этой целииспользована микромеханическая модель.Выполненные оценки продемонстрировали, что модуль упругости углеродных нанотрубокв полимерной матрице нанокомпозита, т. е., их агрегатов, приблизительно на два поряд-ка меньше номинальной величины этого параметра для отдельной углеродной нанотруб-ки, тогда как модуль упругости межфазных областей примерно в два раза выше модуляупругости матричного полимера. Эти данные ясно демонстрируют некорректность при-менения номинальных характеристик нанонаполнителя, в частности, его модуля упру-гости, для определения соответствующих показателей нанокомпозита. Однако использо-вание реальных величин модуля упругости агрегатов углеродных нанотрубок в рамкахпростого правила смесей позволяет достаточно точное описание этого параметра в случаенанокомпозитов. Важно отметить, что модуль упругости углеродных нанотрубок в элас-томерной матрице существенно меньше этого параметра в стеклообразной матрице дляодного и того же нанокомпозита. Это означает, что указанный параметр определяется нетолько размерами и структурой агрегатов нанонаполнителя, но также и другими факто-рами, в частности, жесткостью окружающей агрегат полимерной матрицы, эффективнос-тью переноса приложенного к образцу механического напряжения от полимерной мат-рицы к нанонаполнителю и т. п.Применение модифицированного правила смесей для описания модуля упругости нано-композитов показало, что включенный в него, так называемый, фактор эффективностидлины в случае анизотропного нанонаполнителя существенно меньше (на несколькопорядков) рассчитанного теоретически для углеродных нанотрубок, что особенно очевид-но выражено в случае нанокомпозитов с эластомерной матрицей.В качестве вывода укажем, что модуль упругости компонент нанокомпозита являетсясильной функцией их фазового состояния, а определение реальных характеристик этихкомпонент позволяет корректное применение простого правила смесей.       ЛИТЕРАТУРА1. Moniruzzaman M., Winey K.I. Polymer nanocomposites containing carbon nanotubes // Macromolecules,2006, v. 39(16), p. 5194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ma060733p2. Schaefer D. W., Justice R. S. How nano are nanocomposites? // Macromolecules, 2007, v. 40(24), p. 8501.DOI: https://doi.org10.1021/ma070326w3. Coleman J. N., Cadek M., Ryan K. P., Fonseca A., Nady J. B., Blau W. J., Ferreira M. S. Reinforcement ofpolymers with carbon nanotubes. The role of an ordered polymer intwrfacial region. Experimental andmodeling // Polymer, 2006, v. 47(23), pp. 8556–8561. DOI: https://doi.org/10/1016/j.polymer.2006.10.0144. Kozlov G. V., Yanovskii Yu. G., Zaikov G. E. Particulate-Filled Polymer Nanocomposites. Structure,Properties, Perspectives. New York, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527644346.ch35. Mikitaev A. K., Kozlov G. V., Zaikov G. E. Polymer Nanocomposites: Variety of Structural Forms and Applications.New York, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2008.6. Jeong W., Kessler M.R. Toughness enhancement in ROMP functionalized carbon nanotube/polydicyclopentadienecomposites. Chem. Mater., 2008. v. 20(22), р. 7060. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/cm80209477. Koerner H., Liu W., Alexander M., Mirau P., Dowty H., Vaia R. A. Deformation – morphology correlationsin electrically conductive carbon nanotube – thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites // Polymer, 2005, v. 46(12), р. 4405. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2005.02.0258. Ahmed S., Jones F. R. A review of particulate reinforcement theories of polymer composites // J.Mater. Sci., 1990, v. 25(12), pp. 4933–4942. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf005801109. Aygubova A. Ch., Kozlov G. V., Magomedov G. M., Zaikov G. E. The elastic modulus of carbon nanotubeaggregates in polymer nanocomposites. J. Characterization and Development of Novel Mater., 2016, v. 8(3), p. 227.10. Khan U., May P., O’Neill A., Bell A.P., Boussac E., Martin A., Semple J., Coleman J. N. Polymer reinforcementusing liquid-exfoliated boron nitride nanosheets // Nanoscale, 2013, v. 5(3), pp. 581-587. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c2nr33049k

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