Grain Fumigant Determination. Wheat as a Chromatographic Column toward Methyl Bromide, Ethylene Dibromide, Acrylonitrile, Chloropicrin, and Carbon Tetrachloride in the Vapor Phase

1962 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Berck ◽  
John Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Vapor Phase ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Chromatographic Column ◽  
Ethylene Dibromide

Analysis of Grains for Multiple Residues of Organic Fumigants

1969 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 800-805
Author(s):  
Bernadette Malone
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Electron Capture ◽  
Carbon Disulfide ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Steam Distillation ◽  
Acid Reflux ◽  
Ethylene Dichloride ◽  
Ethylene Dibromide

Abstract A sweep co-distillation procedure, a published steam distillation procedure, and an adaptation of an established acid reflux procedure for isolating fumigant residues were compared. Residues were detectable by electron capture gas chromatography at levels approaching or surpassing 0.1 ppm. Fumigants used were carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulfide, ethylene dichloride, ethylene dibromide, methyl bromide, and chloroform. Comparison of the three methods, using the same detection for all, showed that acid reflux was the most promising procedure for recovering added fumigants from grain and extracting fumigation residues. This procedure should be further refined.

Method for Determining Multiple Residues of Organic Fumigants in Cereal Grains

1970 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 742-746
Author(s):  
Bernadette Malone
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Acid Medium ◽  
Electron Capture ◽  
Carbon Disulfide ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Ethylene Dichloride ◽  
Ethylene Dibromide ◽  
Solvent Residues

Abstract A method is described for determination of residues of the fumigants methyl bromide, carbon disulfide, chloroform, ethylene dichloride, carbon tetrachloride, and ethylene dibromide in cereal grains. Whole or ground grain is boiled in an acid medium, and the volatile fumigants are dried and collected in cold solvent. Residues are determined by analyzing aliquots of the collected solution by electron capture GLC. Recoveries range from 59 to 105%. Extraction appears to be complete in the 2 hr boiling period specified. An unexplained conversion of carbon tetrachloride to chloroform is described.

Post-fumigation productivity of Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)

1982 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Rajendran
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Methyl Iodide ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Ethylene Dibromide ◽  
Trogoderma Granarium

AbstractThe productivity of adults of Trogoderma granarium Everts was reduced following fumigation of the larvae with high dosages of carbon tetrachloride, ethylene dibromide or phosphine. Carbon dioxide, ethylene oxide, methyl bromide, methyl iodide and trichloroethylene had little influence on the productivity. From 0 to 23 % of surviving larvae diapaused compared with 3 % of untreated ones.

Inorganic bromide residue in bananas, bell capsicums (sweet peppers), cherries and apples following fumigation with ethylene dibromide and methyl bromide

1976 ◽  
Vol 16 (82) ◽  
pp. 780 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Singh ◽  
LE Rippon ◽  
WS Gilbert ◽  
BL Wild
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Medical Research Council ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
The United States ◽  
Maximum Residue Limit ◽  
Ethylene Dibromide ◽  
Light Brown Apple Moth ◽  
United States Food ◽  
States Food

Inorganic bromide residues were evaluated from fumigation schedules available in Australia for use against Queensland fruit fly, Dacus tryoni (Froggatt) and light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) in fruit and vegetables. Capsicums were fumigated for two hours at 20�C with 22 g m-3 ethylene dibromide (EDB). Bromide residues (40-45 �g g-1) were in excess of the maximum residue limit of 10 �g g-1 of the United States Food and Drug Administration (U.S.F.D.A.) and the current 20 �g g-1 recommendation of the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (N.H.M.R.C.). Bananas were fumigated with dosages of 10, 12 and 14 g m-3 EDB for two hours at 20�C. Bromide residues increased with increasing dosages, and ranged from 11.7 to 15.6 �g g-1. Residues were within the recommended 20 �g g-1 limit of the N.H.M.R.C., but exceeded the 10 �g g-1 limit of the U.S.F.D.A. Cherries were fumigated for two hours at 15�C with 24 and 48 g m-3 methyl bromide (MB). Bromide residues (up to 8 �g g-1) were well within the 20 �g g-1 N.H.M.R.C. and U.S.F.D.A. limits. Apples were fumigated for two hours at 15�C with 24 g MB m-3 and at 7�C with 32 g MB m-3. Residues approximated or were less than the 5 �g g-1 limit of the U.S.F.D.A. and considerably lower than the 20 �g g-1 N.H.M.R.C. recommendation.

Improved Codistillation Method for Determination of Carbon Tetrachloride, Ethylene Dichloride, and Ethylene Dibromide in Grain and Grain-Based Products

1985 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 759-762
Author(s):  
Jonathan W Devries ◽  
Paul A Larson ◽  
Raymond H Bowers ◽  
Joyce A Keating ◽  
James M Broge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Ethylene Dichloride ◽  
Standard Mixture ◽  
Ethylene Dibromide ◽  
Acetone Water ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
The Common ◽  
Hexane Solution

Abstract A method is described for the determination of the common fumigants carbon tetrachloride (CC14), ethylene dichloride (EDC), and ethylene dibromide (EDB) in grain and grain-based products. A properly prepared sample is mixed with water and hexane, an internal standard mixture of 1,2-dichloropropane (DCP) and 1,2-dibromopropane (DBP) is added, and the fumigants are codistilled with the hexane into an appropriate receiver. After the hexane solution is dried over sodium sulfate, the quantities of fumigants present are quantitated on a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with an electron capture detector (ECD). For the matrices investigated, the relative standard deviation of the method was 6.0,9.7, and 23.1% for CC14, EDC, and EDB, respectively. Recoveries of added fumigants were 107, 95, and 101%, respectively. Comparison with an acetone-water soak extraction method gave a correlation of 0.967 between methods for EDB with odds of a difference between methods of 35%.

A Review of Bromine Determination in Foods

1975 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 711-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milton E Getzendaner
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Activation Analysis ◽  
Activation Analysis ◽  
Neutron Activation ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Ethylene Dibromide ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Instrumental Methods ◽  
Bromine Determination

Abstract Organic compounds containing bromine, including methyl bromide, ethylene dibromide, and l,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, have been used extensively for the fumigation of foods, or soils in which foods grow, making it necessary to determine residues of bromine and bromine-containing organic compounds. A large number of methods for the determination of bromine in foods, as organic, inorganic, and combined total bromide, have been developed. In methods for organic bromide, the bromine is converted to the inorganic form for measurement by titration, photometry, or other means. In recent years, instrumental methods have been developed in which the total bromine in the sample is determined, regardless of the state in which it exists. X-ray fluorescence and neutron activation analysis are the 2 instrumental methods used most widely. Residue data are presented for some typical bromine-containing samples.

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