Fuel-gas analysis for heating value and combustion calculations

1932 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Watson ◽  
N. H. Ceaglske
Keyword(s):  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Heating Value

scholarly journals Simulation of a Downdraft Gasifier for Production of Syngas from Different Biomass Feedstocks

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Mateus Paiva ◽  
Admilson Vieira ◽  
Helder T. Gomes ◽  
Paulo Brito
Keyword(s):  
Modeling And Simulation ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Downdraft Gasifier ◽  
Process Operation ◽  
Independent Parameters ◽  
Gasification Temperature ◽  
Main Operating

In the evaluation of gasification processes, estimating the composition of the fuel gas for different conditions is fundamental to identify the best operating conditions. In this way, modeling and simulation of gasification provide an analysis of the process performance, allowing for resource and time savings in pilot-scale process operation, as it predicts the behavior and analyzes the effects of different variables on the process. Thus, the focus of this work was the modeling and simulation of biomass gasification processes using the UniSim Design chemical process software, in order to satisfactorily reproduce the operation behavior of a downdraft gasifier. The study was performed for two residual biomasses (forest and agricultural) in order to predict the produced syngas composition. The reactors simulated gasification by minimizing the free energy of Gibbs. The main operating parameters considered were the equivalence ratio (ER), steam to biomass ratio (SBR), and gasification temperature (independent variables). In the simulations, a sensitivity analysis was carried out, where the effects of these parameters on the composition of syngas, flow of syngas, and heating value (dependent variables) were studied, in order to maximize these three variables in the process with the choice of the best parameters of operation. The model is able to predict the performance of the gasifier and it is qualified to analyze the behavior of the independent parameters in the gasification results. With a temperature between 850 and 950 °C, SBR up to 0.2, and ER between 0.3 and 0.5, the best operating conditions are obtained for maximizing the composition of the syngas in CO and H2.

A New Approach to Maximize the Potential of Reciprocating Engines Operating on Bio-Fuel Energy

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Lam ◽  
Mark Richter ◽  
Geoff Ashton
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Bulk Temperature ◽  
Lean Burn ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Combustion Performance ◽  
Wide Range

Since the Industrial Revolution one of the oldest and “greenest” bio-fuel energy sources has been the byproduct of sewage and landfill. These biogases also known as Land Fill Gas or Digester Gas can be used as a fuel in an internal combustion engine, the clear choice for their efficiency in heat recovery and utility as a prime mover. The problem with bio-fuels is their unpredictable and varying fuel heating values which creates a challenge for maintaining air fuel ratio (AFR). If AFR is not controlled this can lead to engine instability and an increase in NOx, CO and THC emissions. With today’s ever increasing scrutiny of combustion pollutants this could spell the end of these types of fuels in combustion engines. AETC has embraced this challenge to provide a system that addresses the seasonal fuel gas quality, Low Heating Value (LHV) fluctuation to operate engines at best achievable emissions. This case study focuses on two Caterpillar 3516 Generator Engines rated 1000VA, at 1200 rpm, lean burn gas and turbocharged, running on renewable energy source supplementing power to a waste water treatment facility in California. The engines operate on wide range of fuel mixture including landfill, digester gas and air blended natural gas over a heating value range from 350–650 BTU. The fuel gas LHV constantly varies depending on fuel availability controlled by pressure switches within the individual fuel headers. Determining fuel heating values by using a gas calorimeter is not a viable option due to its high cost and poor reliability when operating in the environment of unfiltered Digester and landfill gas. AETC installed their Advanced Monitoring System (AMS) to utilize the engine as a calorimeter and to determine the fuels LHV. As part of the AMS functionality, the system acquired all the existing AFRC parameters such as kilo-Watt, RPM, Fuel Flow, Air Manifold Pressure and Temperature to determine the combustion performance. This simple approach offers surprisingly good performance while tying together basic thermodynamics, combustion performance and emissions. The system can also be used to parametrically determine engine emissions, based on the calculated combustion pressure without installing pressure sensors. The AMS monitors and determines emissions based on Trapped Equivalence Ratio, Effective Bulk Temperature or Pressure Ratio on single or multiple fuels providing a green/red light as an indicator of in/out of compliance accurately meeting today’s most stringent regulatory conditions.

Diode-based Raman sensor for fuel gas analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Cocola ◽  
Fabio Melison ◽  
Nicolò Scarabottolo ◽  
Giuseppe Tondello ◽  
Luca Poletto
Keyword(s):  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Raman Sensor

Fuel Gas Cleanup Parameters in Air-Blown IGCC

1999 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Newby ◽  
Wen-Ching Yang ◽  
Ronald L. Bannister
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Sulfur Removal ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Ammonia Content ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Fluid Bed ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Hot Fuel Gas Desulfurization ◽  
Removal Technique

Fuel gas cleanup processing significantly influences overall performance and cost of IGCC power generation. The raw fuel gas properties (heating value, sulfur content, alkali content, ammonia content, “tar” content, particulate content) and the fuel gas cleanup requirements (environmental and turbine protection) are key process parameters. Several IGCC power plant configurations and fuel gas cleanup technologies are being demonstrated or are under development. In this evaluation, air-blown, fluidized-bed gasification combined-cycle power plant thermal performance is estimated as a function of fuel type (coal and biomass fuels), extent of sulfur removal required, and the sulfur removal technique. Desulfurization in the fluid bed gasifier is combined with external hot fuel gas desulfurization, or, alternatively with conventional cold fuel gas desulfurization. The power plant simulations are built around the Siemens Westinghouse 501F combustion turbine in this evaluation. [S0742-4795(00)00502-0]

Gas Turbine Gas Fuel Composition Performance Correction Using Wobbe Index

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan Li ◽  
Mike J. Gross ◽  
Thomas P. Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Test Accuracy ◽  
Fuel Composition ◽  
Gas Composition ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Performance Effects ◽  
Wobbe Index

Gas turbine thermal performance is dependent on many external conditions, including fuel gas composition. Variations in composition cause changes in output and heat consumption during operation. Measured performance must be corrected to specified reference conditions prior to comparison against performance specifications. The fuel composition is one such condition for which performance corrections are required. The methodology of fuel composition corrections can take various forms. One current method of correction commonly used is to characterize fuel composition effects as a function of heating value and hydrogen-to-carbon ratio. This method has been used in the past within a limited range of fuel composition variation around the expected composition, yielding relatively small correction factors on the order of +/− 0.1%. Industry trends suggest that gas turbines will continue to be exposed to broader ranges of gas constituents, and the corresponding performance effects will be much larger. For example, liquefied natural gas, synthesized low BTU fuel, and bio fuels are becoming more common, with associated performance effects of +/− 0.5% or greater. As a result of these trends, performance test results will bear a greater dependency on fuel composition corrections. Hence, a more comprehensive correction methodology is required to encompass a broader range of fuel constituents encountered. Combustion system behavior, specifically emissions and flame stability, is also influenced by variations in fuel gas composition. The power generation industry uses Wobbe Index as an indicator of fuel composition. Wobbe Index relates the heating value of the fuel to its density. High variations in Wobbe Index can cause operability issues including combustion dynamics and increased emissions. A new method for performance corrections using Wobbe Index as the correlating fuel parameter has been considered. Analytical studies have been completed with the aid of thermodynamic models to identify the extent to which the Wobbe Index can be used to correlate the response of the gas turbine performance parameters to fuel gas composition. Results of the study presented in this paper suggest that improved performance test accuracy can be achieved by using Wobbe Index as a performance correction parameter, instead of the aforementioned conventional fuel characteristics. Furthermore, a relationship between this method’s accuracy and CO2 content of fuel is established such that an additional correction yields results with even better accuracy. This proposed method remains compliant with intent of internationally accepted test codes such as ASME PTC-22, ASME PTC-46, and ISO 2314.

Production of Simulated Gasified Biomass for Pilot Plant Applications

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Duwig ◽  
Jan Fredriksson ◽  
Torsten Fransson
Keyword(s):  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Biomass Composition ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Oil Refineries ◽  
Syngas Production ◽  
Numerical Predictions ◽  
Wide Range

The design of modern Low Heating Value (LHV) fuel combustion devices, such as gas turbine combustors, relies heavily on numerical simulations. In addition, numerical predictions are always validated by experimental tests. In this work, an experimental facility was built. The fuel input power of the combustor was 300 kW. Such facility requires a gas flow of typically 0.06 kg/s, so a syngas production at a reasonable cost was required to undertake tests under real working conditions. Within this work, an inexpensive and flexible syngas generator has been designed, produced and tested. The main idea was to use cheap available gas fuels and to crack it in order to obtain the syngas. Such conversion is heavily used in oil refineries and called “Steam Reforming”. Propane is used as a fuel and is cracked on a commercial steam reforming catalyst. To ensure the wanted ratio of C/H and C/O in the final product, CO2, H2O and air were added to the fuel gas. Catalytic cracking is needed as propane cracking kinetics are low at wanted operation temperatures, namely 900 to 1100 K. Care is taken to avoid carbon formation in the gasification device which may cause decomposition of the stainless steel reactor vessel. The gasification device was used to feed a 300kW combustor at 2.8 bar pressure. The device was successfully integrated into a test rig and used for a burner study. The obtained composition was quite close to a typical gasified biomass composition. A wide range of different compositions has also been explored. Hydrocarbon concentration range was investigated from 3 vol% up to 16 vol% (Methane equivalent). The CO2 concentration varied between 13 vol% and 20 vol%. The syngas temperature was kept at an interval between 900 and 1100 K. The device provided 0.06 kg/s of a 3 to 5 MJ/kg heating value fuel. The operating costs of the gasification device were found about one tenth of the bottled gas price.

Development of Gas Steam and Power Multi-Generation System

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengxiang Fang ◽  
Qinghui Wang ◽  
Chunjiang Yu ◽  
Zhenglun Shi ◽  
Zhongyang Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Coal Gasification ◽  
Cool System ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Circulation Rate ◽  
Generation System ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Bed Temperature ◽  
High Efficient

A new system using combined coal gasification and combustion has been developed for clean and high efficient utilization of coal. The coal is first gasified by air/steam or recycle gas and the produced fuel gas is then used for industrial purpose or as a fuel for gas turbine. The char residue from the gasifier is burned in a circulating fluidized bed combustor to generate steam for power generation. A 1MW pilot plant test facility has been erected, which consists of a fluidized bed gasifier, a CFB combustor, flue gas and fuel gas clean and cool system, data acqisition and control system. The primary results show that the system can produce 12–14MJ/Nm3 middle heating value gas by using recycle gas or steam as gasification mediaand bed temperature and solid circulation rate are main parameters. On bases of this, a 25 MW gas steam and power multi-generation system has been designed. In this system, a fluidized bed gasifiers are combined with a 130t/h circulating bed boiler to realize gas and steam cogeneration. The system can produce 7800 M3/h gas with heating value 10–14 Mj/Nm3 and 25 MW Power.

Catalytic gasification of tobacco rob in steam–nitrogen mixture: Kinetic study and fuel gas analysis

Energy ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 509-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Yang ◽  
Shiping Jin ◽  
Yixin Lin ◽  
Suyi Huang ◽  
Haiping Yang
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Study ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Catalytic Gasification ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Nitrogen Mixture

scholarly journals Critical Factors Determining the Onset of Backdraft Using Solid Fuels

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 937-957
Author(s):  
Chia Lung Wu ◽  
Simón Santamaria ◽  
Ricky Carvel
Keyword(s):  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Critical Factors ◽  
Critical Temperatures ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Fire Propagation ◽  
Flammable Liquids ◽  
Auto Ignition ◽  
Reduced Scale ◽  
Pyrolysis Gases

AbstractBackdraft is an explosive fire phenomenon which typically occurs during fire-fighting activities, occasionally leading to fire-fighter fatalities. Real backdraft incidents involve complex fuel gas mixtures consisting of the products of underventilated burning and pyrolysis following burnout. However, most experimental research into backdraft has used methane gas or flammable liquids as fuel. Some aspects of real backdraft behavior may have been overlooked as a consequence of this simplicity. A reduced scale series of compartment fire tests have been carried out to investigate the critical factors governing the onset of backdraft, using polypropylene and high density polyethylene samples as fuel. It is established that there are critical temperatures for auto-ignition of the pyrolysis gases leading to backdraft which vary with fuel properties. For polypropylene the highest temperature in the compartment must be above 350°C for auto-ignition of the fuel gases, while mixtures in the presence of a pilot source can be ignited down to about 320°C. Backdraft cannot occur when the compartment temperature is below 320°C. For polyethylene, the corresponding temperature for auto-ignition is 320°C. In parallel with these tests, a series of pyrolysis investigations have been carried out using the fire propagation apparatus, with FTIR gas analysis. The observed critical temperatures for backdraft correlate well with the evolved pyrolysis gases. Analysis shows that higher temperatures are required for backdraft when the CO/CO2 ratio is small, and that below the auto-ignition temperature, backdraft can only occur above a CO/CO2 ratio of about 35%. It is concluded that the crucial factors determining whether backdraft occurs or not are the maximum temperature and the CO/CO2 ratio in the compartment, prior to opening the door.

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