The Archaeology of Construction: A New Approach to Roman Architecture

2017 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hélène Dessales

Representing a new disciplinary orientation, the archaeology of construction is defined as the study of all material traces furnishing information about the design, the construction, and the organization of a building. It thus offers a way of broadening our approach to Roman architecture, until now considered mainly from the perspective of monumental and decorative typologies. This article aims to set out its various specificities and potential contributions. While the archaeology of construction has clear methodological links with the archaeology of standing structures, notably through the vertical stratigraphy of elevations, it is distinguished by its scale of study, which covers the entirety of the worksite and seeks to restitute its context of production and its dynamics. Seven elements are considered, illustrated by recent archaeological research: the initial project, the preparation of the site, the setting up of infrastructure, the production of materials, their transformation, their implementation in the construction, and finally the finishing and decorative operations. The data collected make it possible to combine an archaeology of technology with socioeconomic history, considering the building process in all its interactions with Roman society as a system of production and trade.

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Willmann ◽  
Federico Augugliaro ◽  
Thomas Cadalbert ◽  
Raffaello D'Andrea ◽  
Fabio Gramazio ◽  
...  

This paper takes a first step in characterizing a novel field of architectural research - aerial robotic construction (ARC) - where aerial robotics is used not only for construction, but as a guiding principle in the design and fabrication process. Featuring autonomous flying vehicles that lift small building elements and position them according to a precise digital blueprint, ARC offers a comprehensive new approach to architecture research and technology. Developed by the research groups of Gramazio & Kohler and Raffaello D'Andrea at ETH Zurich, ARC offers unique advantages over traditional approaches to building: it does not require scaffolding, it is easily scalable, and it offers digital integration and informational oversight across the entire design and building process. This paper considers 1) research parameters for the individual components of ARC (such as module design, connection methodologies, vehicle cooperation, and construction sequencing/synchronization), and 2) the architectural implications of integrating these discrete components into a systemic, unifying process at the earliest stages of design. Fidelity between the design concept and the full-scale construction is of particular concern.


2020 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 04011
Author(s):  
Pauli Sekki ◽  
Pasi Marttila ◽  
Tarja Merikallio

Moisture management in building site has improved significantly in recent years. However, problems with concrete floors are repeatedly found. One possible reason for the failure may be that the time required for adequate drying of the concrete has not been properly considered when scheduling the building process and because the pressure to complete the building, the floor covering has been installed too early. In building industry, there is a clear need for better understanding of the adequate drying times of concrete structures, as well as tools to make sufficient drying estimates. The new tool BY2020 provides a new approach to drying and moisture risk estimations. The simulation tool is a FEM-based model that allows change in geometry with time so that the material layers are automatically added into the model, based on the determined schedule. The boundary conditions are also changing with time based on the schedule. In addition, the water vapor resistance of the flooring material can be modelled to evaluate the long-term moisture behavior of the floor structure. Preliminary results are encouraging and the feedback on the new approach has been positive. Validation process is ongoing and target completion time for the tool is late 2020.


2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvain Cussat-Blanc ◽  
Jordan Pollack

All multicellular living beings are created from a single cell. A developmental process, called embryogenesis, takes this first fertilized cell down a complex path of reproduction, migration, and specialization into a complex organism adapted to its environment. In most cases, the first steps of the embryogenesis take place in a protected environment such as in an egg or in utero. Starting from this observation, we propose a new approach to the generation of real robots, strongly inspired by living systems. Our robots are composed of tens of specialized cells, grown from a single cell using a bio-inspired virtual developmental process. Virtual cells, controlled by gene regulatory networks, divide, migrate, and specialize to produce the robot's body plan (morphology), and then the robot is manually built from this plan. Because the robot is as easy to assemble as Lego, the building process could be easily automated.


Author(s):  
Daniela Cialfi

The present study aims to examine the role the social and digital infrastructures might have during the building process of the Smart Regions in the Italian context. Within this framework, it is possible to identify some essential research questions, such as why the same regions are growing faster than the other and which type of effects could be generated from the different connectivity between the regions. Since the Smart Region concept is still composed of technical reports, pilot projects and experiences from a limited number of cities on the international stage, this work it is tried to use a new approach, applying either a neuronal model, the Self-Organizing Maps, and the multivariate regression approach, to extrapolate the existence of possible future conditions for the rising of Smart Regions in Italy, studying the evolution of the used database during the period 2005 – 2016. From the analysis what emerged is that the only bridging social capital dimension, empirically speaking, feed the regional innovation growth because the structure of social relationship facilitates interactions across social, political and economic agents; but there are institutional deficits, most pronounced in Italy and other European countries.


Starinar ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 173-199
Author(s):  
Igor Bjelic ◽  
Emilija Nikolic

The renewal of the archaeological excavations of Timacum Minus in 2019 initiated extensive analyses and an additional interpretation of the results of previous excavations of its buildings. One of the buildings outside the fortification has attracted special attention, because of both its constructive solutions and its dimensions. Although the archaeological research of ?the building with a hypocaust? has never been completed, there are enough discovered segments that indicate the applied building techniques and constructions. In addition to under-floor and wall heating systems, this building had vaults built of terracotta tubes. The rarely discovered and insufficiently documented examples of this type of vaulted structure in Roman architecture in south-eastern Europe necessitate a deeper analysis of their remains in Timacum Minus, with the aim of obtaining relevant information important not only for the reconstruction of the construction process and appearance of ?the building with a hypocaust?, but also for future architectural analyses of Roman buildings in the territory of Serbia and in the surrounding region.


2012 ◽  
Vol 433-440 ◽  
pp. 5783-5788
Author(s):  
Zheng Ning Yu ◽  
Wen Long Li ◽  
Peng Shi ◽  
Yu Shan Zhao

Deploying traditional method for establishing dynamics model of space station is inefficient when the structure of this space station will change. Therefore, a new approach was proposed to obtain general model that suits different structures and configurations. The new method is based on invariant absolute coordinates set and Newton-Euler method. Two simple constraints are firstly described and then used to construct new, more complex ones. While the coordinate set remains the same, main program configuration procedure is executed by including or excluding equations, thus making the model building process more simple. After this, specific equations of motion are being solved. Applying the technique to space stations of different configurations and structures gives good results, and those results are well-agreed with theoretical analysis.


2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Rafael Vicente Lozano ◽  
Yesenia Kim Guzman ◽  
Silvana Sierra

Abstract The building process in Peru contains its own instruments of regulation and management. It is a specific legislation that tries since its growing development, to protect the necessary quality of its buildings. It presents construction standards that govern the processes throughout the country since the stage of licensing, execution of work and conformity of the building, thus the municipalities are governed by the Law 29090 (and their amending) and the Reglamento Nacional de Edificaciones (RNE). But parallel to the development of the building process, we must seek an update of the management instruments and specific legislation. This is taken as reference the current Spanish situation in this respect, where the means to update their buildings with standards of quality, safety and sustainability, have been set. In Spain, there is a general law that governs the entire building process, the Ley de Ordenación de la Edificación (LOE), together with technical regulations, the Código Técnico de la Edificación (CTE), regulate the entire Spanish building process. These laws and regulations in both countries fulfill a similar function, proposing the study of their similarities and differences in the adjudication of responsibilities to the interveners and in the management itself. To do this, a normative - comparative -qualitative analysis of both building processes (Spanish and Peruvian) has been carried out, through its normative application benchmarks, to find the differences, gaps and possible improvements in the processes and the actors that intervene in them, to achieve better control of the building process. In the conclusions the possible coincidences, deficiencies, and complements within the reciprocal relationship between the current regulations of application between both countries has been determined. This experience will set new contributions to management in both building processes and obtain a new vision in reference to Peru. Resumen El proceso edificatorio en Perú contiene sus propios instrumentos de regulación y gestión. Es una legislación específica que intenta desde su creciente desarrollo, amparar la necesaria calidad de sus edificaciones. Presenta unas normas de construcción que rigen los procesos en todo el país desde la etapa de licencia, ejecución de obra y conformidad de la edificación, así los municipios están regidos bajo la Ley 29090 (y sus modificatorias) y el Reglamento Nacional de Edificaciones (RNE). Pero paralelo al desarrollo del proceso edificatorio, debemos buscar una actualización de sus instrumentos de gestión y legislación específica. Para ello, se toma como referencia la situación actual española, donde se han puesto los medios para actualizar sus edificaciones con estándares de calidad, seguridad y sostenibilidad. En España existe una ley general que rige todo el proceso edificatorio, la Ley de Ordenación de la Edificación (LOE), que junto con su reglamento técnico, el Código Técnico de la Edificación (CTE), regulan la práctica totalidad del proceso edificatorio español. Para ello se ha realizado un análisis cualitativo - comparativo - normativo de ambos procesos edificatorios (español y peruano), a través de sus referentes normativos de aplicación, para encontrar las diferencias, vacíos y posibles mejoras en los procesos y en los actores que intervienen en los mismos, para lograr un mejor control de la edificación. Se determina en las conclusiones las posibles coincidencias, carencias y complementaciones dentro de la relación recíproca entre la normativa actual de aplicación entre ambos países. Dicha experiencia va a permitir nuevos aportes a la gestión en ambos procesos edificatorios y obtener una nueva visión en referencia a Perú.


1999 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 185-188
Author(s):  
Gy. Szabó ◽  
K. Sárneczky ◽  
L.L. Kiss

AbstractA widely used tool in studying quasi-monoperiodic processes is the O–C diagram. This paper deals with the application of this diagram in minor planet studies. The main difference between our approach and the classical O–C diagram is that we transform the epoch (=time) dependence into the geocentric longitude domain. We outline a rotation modelling using this modified O–C and illustrate the abilities with detailed error analysis. The primary assumption, that the monotonity and the shape of this diagram is (almost) independent of the geometry of the asteroids is discussed and tested. The monotonity enables an unambiguous distinction between the prograde and retrograde rotation, thus the four-fold (or in some cases the two-fold) ambiguities can be avoided. This turned out to be the main advantage of the O–C examination. As an extension to the theoretical work, we present some preliminary results on 1727 Mette based on new CCD observations.


Author(s):  
V. Mizuhira ◽  
Y. Futaesaku

Previously we reported that tannic acid is a very effective fixative for proteins including polypeptides. Especially, in the cross section of microtubules, thirteen submits in A-tubule and eleven in B-tubule could be observed very clearly. An elastic fiber could be demonstrated very clearly, as an electron opaque, homogeneous fiber. However, tannic acid did not penetrate into the deep portion of the tissue-block. So we tried Catechin. This shows almost the same chemical natures as that of proteins, as tannic acid. Moreover, we thought that catechin should have two active-reaction sites, one is phenol,and the other is catechole. Catechole site should react with osmium, to make Os- black. Phenol-site should react with peroxidase existing perhydroxide.


Author(s):  
K. Chien ◽  
R. Van de Velde ◽  
I.P. Shintaku ◽  
A.F. Sassoon

Immunoelectron microscopy of neoplastic lymphoma cells is valuable for precise localization of surface antigens and identification of cell types. We have developed a new approach in which the immunohistochemical staining can be evaluated prior to embedding for EM and desired area subsequently selected for ultrathin sectioning.A freshly prepared lymphoma cell suspension is spun onto polylysine hydrobromide- coated glass slides by cytocentrifugation and immediately fixed without air drying in polylysine paraformaldehyde (PLP) fixative. After rinsing in PBS, slides are stained by a 3-step immunoperoxidase method. Cell monolayer is then fixed in buffered 3% glutaraldehyde prior to DAB reaction. After the DAB reaction step, wet monolayers can be examined under LM for presence of brown reaction product and selected monolayers then processed by routine methods for EM and embedded with the Chien Re-embedding Mold. After the polymerization, the epoxy blocks are easily separated from the glass slides by heatingon a 100°C hot plate for 20 seconds.


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