Significance of carbon stock uncertainties on emission reductions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 3-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanne Pelletier ◽  
Kathryn R. Kirby ◽  
Catherine Potvin
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Emission Reductions

scholarly journals Effect of Uncertainties in Estimated Carbon Reduction from Deforestation and Forest Degradation on Required Incentive Payments in Developing Countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jichuan Sheng
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Incentive Scheme ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Emission Reductions ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Incentive Payments

For reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) programs, it is particularly important that monitoring for emission reductions is tied to the revenues a developing country receives from REDD+ projects; any estimated uncertainties will have significant impacts on the emission reduction estimation and incentive scheme of REDD+. However, the effects of estimated uncertainties on incentives for developing countries have not been deeply discussed in the current literature. To fill this gap, two estimation approaches for emission reductions are introduced by considering the incentive coefficient by the principle of reliable minimum estimation. The relationship between estimated uncertainties and incentive coefficient is simulated to illustrate the effects of estimated uncertainties on the emission reduction estimation and incentive scheme. Data from six tropical developing countries are used, including Nigeria, Honduras, Indonesia, Cambodia, Ghana, and Brazil. The results indicate that both the errors of referential and actual carbon stock must be considered when estimating and predicting emission reductions. The effects of the error of actual carbon stock on the emission reduction estimation and incentive coefficient were determined to be more influential. The current incentive scheme was more favorable to developing countries with high carbon stock variability, while developing countries with low carbon stock variability had insufficient incentives to implement REDD+ project.

scholarly journals A faultline in neoliberal environmental governance scholarship? Or, why accumulation-by-alienation matters

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 552-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Dunlap ◽  
Sian Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Political Ecology ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Environmental Governance ◽  
Social Engineering ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Payments For Ecosystem Services ◽  
Critical Geography ◽  
Progressive Politics

This article identifies an emerging faultline in critical geography and political ecology scholarship by reviewing recent debates on three neoliberal environmental governance initiatives: Payments for Ecosystem Services, the United Nations programme for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries and carbon-biodiversity offsetting. These three approaches, we argue, are characterized by varying degrees of contextual and procedural – or superficial – difference, meanwhile exhibiting significant structural similarities that invite critique, perhaps even rejection. Specifically, we identify three largely neglected ‘social engineering’ outcomes as more foundational to Payments for Ecosystem Services, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries and carbon-biodiversity offsetting than often acknowledged, suggesting that neoliberal environmental governance approaches warrant greater critical attention for their contributions to advancing processes of colonization, state territorialization and security policy. Examining the structural accumulation strategies accompanying neoliberal environmental governance approaches, we offer the term ‘accumulation-by-alienation’ to highlight both the objective appropriations accompanying Payments for Ecosystem Services, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries and offsetting and the relational deficiencies accompanying the various commodifying instrumentalizations at the heart of these initiatives. We concur with David Harvey’s recent work proposing that understanding the iterative and consequential connections between objective/material and subjective/psychological dimensions of alienation offers ‘one vital key to unlock the door of a progressive politics for the future’. We conclude (with others) by urging critical geography and political ecology scholars to cultivate research directions that affirm more radical alternatives, rather than reinforcing a narrowing focus on how to improve Payments for Ecosystem Services, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries and offsetting in practice.

scholarly journals National REDD+ Strategy for Climate Change Mitigation: A Review and Comparison of Developing Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jewel Andoh ◽  
Yohan Lee
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Forest Monitoring ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Implementation Phase ◽  
Institutional Infrastructure ◽  
Definition Of

Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, and the role of conservation, sustainable forest management and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+) in developing countries requires a National REDD+ Strategy (NRS) to ensure effectiveness, efficiency and equity. So far, only a few countries have submitted their NRS to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to progress to the implementation phase of REDD+. To compare the NRS of eight countries from Africa and the Asia-Pacific region, we used content analysis to assess whether these countries have paid attention to the REDD+ design components and adhered to the UNFCCC REDD+ rules. Our results demonstrate that all eight countries have paid considerable attention to REDD+ activities, finance, measurement, reporting and verification (MRV), and safeguard systems, and most countries have not adhered to the UNFCCC REDD+ rules on scale including the definition of national and subnational forests, subnational projects to be nested into national systems, and subnational activities to be verified by experts. REDD+ countries must develop definitions for national and subnational forests to enhance forest monitoring and they must develop technical and institutional infrastructure for MRV and safeguard systems, to receive results-based payments, and for the sustainability of REDD+ projects.

Lazy thinking, lazy giving? Examining the effects of Norwegian aid on forests in developing countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristine Hermanrud ◽  
Indra de Soysa
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Bilateral Aid ◽  
Estimation Techniques ◽  
Step Selection ◽  
Climate Problem

The Norwegian government enthusiastically supports the protection of forests, which are important CO2 sinks. Given all the difficulty surrounding the reduction of greenhouse gases, funding the protection of forests is a sound proposition. Up to the present time, how well has Norwegian aid to forests and Norwegian bilateral aid affected the health of forests? Using World Bank data on forest degradation and change in forest area for roughly 130 developing countries from 1999 to 2013, we find that higher levels of Norwegian forest aid among recipient countries has generally had no effect on reducing degradation, while total Norwegian bilateral aid is associated with increased degradation, results that might very well be causal because they are robust to estimations using instrumental variable techniques. Two-step selection models show that forest aid also increases forest degradation, result that are quite unflattering of Norwegian aid. These results are robust to several alternative specifications of our models and to alternative estimation techniques including country fixed effects. Two clear lessons emerge from our findings; firstly, that Norwegian aid does not seem to be coordinated for addressing the problem of forest degradation; and secondly, aid as a means to solve the climate problem likely faces steep obstacles if even a non-strategic, aid-giving country, such as Norway, is capable of more harm than good.

scholarly journals Economic Globalization Impacts on the Ecological Environment of Inland Developing Countries: A Case Study of Laos from the Perspective of the Land Use/Cover Change

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 3940 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Wang ◽  
Lichun Sui ◽  
Xiaomei Yang ◽  
Zhihua Wang ◽  
Dazhuan Ge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Economic Globalization ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Natural Forest ◽  
Matrix Analysis ◽  
Ecological Environment ◽  
Environment Change ◽  
Topographic Analysis

Economic globalization promotes the economic development of underdeveloped regions but also influences the ecological environments of these regions, such as natural forest degradation. For inland developing regions with underdeveloped traffic routes, are the effects on the ecological environment also as obvious? To reveal the response characteristics of the ecological environment of the inland developing countries to globalization, we took Laos as an example, and used the land use/cover change data and also its exports and imports data to analyze the ecological environment change since the millennium. Land use transfer matrix analysis showed that Laos had encountered a large conversion of 14.43% natural forest to plantation forest since 2000 to 2017, and also a degradation of 5.94% natural forest to shrubland and grassland. Landscape pattern analysis showed that these changes were the main reasons of the fragmentation of ecological patches, which would lead to a reduction in biodiversity. More, topographic analysis further showed that natural forest degradation mainly took place in high-altitude and large slope areas, which could increase the potential of natural hazards such as floods. Coupling analysis with its exports and imports data indicated that economic globalization still had a significant impact on the country’s ecological environment although Laos is an inland developing country. Laos should strengthen the regulation of renewable resources such as forests and water resources, to avoid losing the renewable resources market while still enjoying the dividends of economic globalization. At the same time, it is necessary to accurately evaluate the indirect impacts of development on neighboring countries to ensure sustainable development.

scholarly journals An assessment of deforestation and forest degradation drivers in developing countries

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 044009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noriko Hosonuma ◽  
Martin Herold ◽  
Veronique De Sy ◽  
Ruth S De Fries ◽  
Maria Brockhaus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Forest Degradation

scholarly journals Reducing Emissions, Forest Management and Multiactor Perspectives: Problem Representation Analysis of Laos REDD+ Programs

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herlin Chien
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Lao Pdr ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Problem Representation ◽  
Policy Choice ◽  
Emission Reductions ◽  
Future Problem ◽  
The Government ◽  
Multiple Actors

Every policy solution is embedded in a certain “problem representation” that is taken for granted and assumed by policymakers. This paper examines how emission reductions and forest management have been problematized for policymaking and solution implementation from multiple actors’ perspectives. Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+), particularly Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) programs, in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) serves as a demonstrative example. By applying the ‘What is the Problem Represented to be’ (WPR) approach as a poststructuralist method, this study first comparatively analyzes the general problem as represented by multiple actors, including the government, media, academia and civil society. In particular, queries such as what and how the “problem” is represented and what is not problematized are reflected during the analyses. Next, this research further examines the corresponding problematization gap based on drivers of deforestation and forest degradation and discusses the noncarbon benefits of FCPF in the rhetoric. The objective of the study is to not to find the best policy choice but to reveal the heterogeneity in problem representations formulated by multiple actors to yield space for alternative and disruptive change for future problem solving in emission reductions and forest management

scholarly journals The Impact Of Clean Development Mechanism Projects On Sustainable Development In South Africa

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 777
Author(s):  
Surendran Pillay
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Environmental Economic ◽  
Clean Development Mechanism ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Emission Reductions ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
The Impact

Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) have achieved a certain level of cost-effective emission reductions in developing countries. In this context the uneven distribution of CDM projects in certain regions as well as the concentration of CDM projects amongst certain sectors in developing countries have resulted in the issue of whether CDM projects contribute to sustainable development in developing countries. This article examines the impact of CDM projects on sustainable development in South Africa by examining a sample of working CDM projects there and evaluating their impact on environmental, economic and social sustainable development. Based on observations during the study, CDM policy changes are reviewed, and options to enhance the sustainable development implications of CDM projects are explained.

scholarly journals Carbono en biomasa aérea, sistema agroforestal de Theobroma cacao L. laboratorio natural, los laureles 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (01) ◽  
pp. 98-106
Author(s):  
Arturo Roberto  Avellán Rivera ◽  
Enrique Barreto Dolin ◽  
Efraín De Jesús  Peralta Tercero
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

El estudio se realizó con la finalidad de determinar el carbono almacenado en biomasa aérea del sistema agroforestal (SAF) del laboratorio natural Los Laureles de URACCAN en la comunidad de Hormiguero, municipio de Siuna, en el cual se utilizó el método (no destructivo) mediante aplicación de porcentaje de carbono (50%) sobre la biomasa seca, sugerido por Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Winrock International, La Organización de Naciones Unidas – Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries. El estudio es cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal.El sistema agroforestal es secuencial, con una extensión de 2.84 ha, en el cual se realizó un inventario al 100% de árboles forestales y frutales; sin embargo, en el cacao se realizó un muestro con una intensidad de 8.45% distribuyendo 12 parcelas rectangulares de 10 por 20 m distribuidas sistemáticamente a un distanciamiento de 48.65 m entre parcela. El Sistema tiene una biomasa aérea de 10.35 toneladas (t), distribuidas de la siguiente manera: árboles frutales, 0.44 t.; especies forestales, 4.70 t. y cacao, 5.21 t. Es una investigación cuantitativa, descriptiva y transversal.El sistema agroforestal como banco de almacenamiento de carbono hasta el momento de la recolección de datos tenía 1.44 t carbono por hectárea (C/ha) acumuladas en biomasa aérea de especies forestales y frutales; por otro lado, el componente cacao en su biomasa aérea posee 1.47 t C/ha, con un total de 2.91 t C/ha. El valor económico ambiental del almacenamiento de carbono en el laboratorio natural Los Laureles es de $53.36 por hectárea.

scholarly journals Centralization of the Global REDD+ Financial Network and Implications under the New Climate Regime

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Do-hun Kim ◽  
Dong-hwan Kim ◽  
Dong-Ho Lee ◽  
Sunjoo Park ◽  
Seong-il Kim
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Climate Regime ◽  
Financial Network ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
Donor Numbers ◽  
Major Donors

With the institutionalization of reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries (REDD+), the global REDD+ financial network has been formed to support the implementation of REDD+ in developing countries. Although the rapid expansion of the network made it decentralized, it is still a highly centralized network in terms of the distribution of financial resources, revolving around only a few major actors. While the source of financing was diversified due to an increase in influential donors, the majority of financing still came from a few constant major donors, and a few constant major developing countries received most of the financial support. Although increases in donor numbers and the amount of finance received can provide more chances to support developing countries, it may cause inefficiency due to overlaps and duplications. Also, over-centralization of financial resources can be ineffective in terms of achieving maximum greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction, and can broaden gaps between developing countries’ ability to cope with climate change and deforestation. Lack of coordination among donors and the differing capacity of developing countries may have caused centralization of financial resources in the global REDD+ financial network. To minimize this problem, a comprehensive monitoring system and platforms for information sharing are needed.

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