scholarly journals Centralization of the Global REDD+ Financial Network and Implications under the New Climate Regime

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Do-hun Kim ◽  
Dong-hwan Kim ◽  
Dong-Ho Lee ◽  
Sunjoo Park ◽  
Seong-il Kim
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Climate Regime ◽  
Financial Network ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
Donor Numbers ◽  
Major Donors

With the institutionalization of reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries (REDD+), the global REDD+ financial network has been formed to support the implementation of REDD+ in developing countries. Although the rapid expansion of the network made it decentralized, it is still a highly centralized network in terms of the distribution of financial resources, revolving around only a few major actors. While the source of financing was diversified due to an increase in influential donors, the majority of financing still came from a few constant major donors, and a few constant major developing countries received most of the financial support. Although increases in donor numbers and the amount of finance received can provide more chances to support developing countries, it may cause inefficiency due to overlaps and duplications. Also, over-centralization of financial resources can be ineffective in terms of achieving maximum greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction, and can broaden gaps between developing countries’ ability to cope with climate change and deforestation. Lack of coordination among donors and the differing capacity of developing countries may have caused centralization of financial resources in the global REDD+ financial network. To minimize this problem, a comprehensive monitoring system and platforms for information sharing are needed.

scholarly journals National REDD+ Strategy for Climate Change Mitigation: A Review and Comparison of Developing Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jewel Andoh ◽  
Yohan Lee
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Forest Monitoring ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Implementation Phase ◽  
Institutional Infrastructure ◽  
Definition Of

Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, and the role of conservation, sustainable forest management and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+) in developing countries requires a National REDD+ Strategy (NRS) to ensure effectiveness, efficiency and equity. So far, only a few countries have submitted their NRS to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to progress to the implementation phase of REDD+. To compare the NRS of eight countries from Africa and the Asia-Pacific region, we used content analysis to assess whether these countries have paid attention to the REDD+ design components and adhered to the UNFCCC REDD+ rules. Our results demonstrate that all eight countries have paid considerable attention to REDD+ activities, finance, measurement, reporting and verification (MRV), and safeguard systems, and most countries have not adhered to the UNFCCC REDD+ rules on scale including the definition of national and subnational forests, subnational projects to be nested into national systems, and subnational activities to be verified by experts. REDD+ countries must develop definitions for national and subnational forests to enhance forest monitoring and they must develop technical and institutional infrastructure for MRV and safeguard systems, to receive results-based payments, and for the sustainability of REDD+ projects.

International Trade Cooperation and Exogenous Economic Shocks in Developing Countries

2020 ◽  
pp. 097674792094518
Author(s):  
Sena Kimm Gnangnon
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Method Of Moments ◽  
Trade Liberalisation ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Economic Shocks ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Aid For Trade ◽  
Generalised Method Of Moments

This article explores whether the World Trade Organization (WTO), through its role of promoting multilateral trade liberalisation and mobilising greater financial resources (i.e., Aid for Trade [AfT] flows) in favour of the trade sector in developing countries, contributes to reducing the size of external economic shocks experienced by these countries. An empirical analysis is carried out using a sample of 111 countries over the period 1996–2016 and relying on the two-step system generalised method of moments (GMM) approach. The findings indicate that taken separately, multilateral trade liberalisation and AfT flows reduce the size of shocks. While the two factors are substitutable in negatively influencing countries’ size of shocks, it also appears that multilateral trade liberalisation always results in smaller shocks, irrespective of the amount of AfT that accrues to countries.

scholarly journals Sustainable Forest Management, FLEGT, and REDD+: Exploring Interlinkages to Strengthen Forest Policy Coherence

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yitagesu Tekle Tegegne ◽  
Mathias Cramm ◽  
Jo Van Brusselen
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Forest Management ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Forest Policy ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Policy Coherence ◽  
Forest Law ◽  
Verification Systems

Sustainable forest management (SFM) is a concept that guides forest management and policy globally. Over the past decades, two prominent regimes have emerged at the global level that can strengthen SFM: The European Union's Action Plan on Forest Law Enforcement, Governance, and Trade (FLEGT) and the United Nations’ mechanism for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries, and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries (REDD+). However, the understanding of how FLEGT and REDD+ can interlink with SFM to strengthen forest policy coherence is limited. Enhancing knowledge about interlinkages and synergies is important in view of recent global commitments to strengthen policy coherence. This study employed content analysis of the main global policy documents related to FLEGT and REDD+ to identify (i) the potential contributions of the two regimes to SFM, and (ii) strategies to manage the interlinkages among SFM, FLEGT, and REDD+. The results revealed several potential interlinkages, such as monitoring, reporting, and verification systems, establishing the enabling conditions of SFM, and addressing drivers of forest degradation. However, the interlinkages must be managed if their potential is to be realized. For this, the study proposes three approaches to managing the interlinkages and catalyzing progress toward SFM.

The role of research for sustainable paediatric cardiac programmes in developing countries

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 787-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constantine D. Mavroudis ◽  
Constantine Mavroudis ◽  
Jeffrey P. Jacobs ◽  
Allison Siegel
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Cardiac Care ◽  
Ethical Standards ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
The World ◽  
Local Problems

AbstractSignificant challenges face developing countries as a result of the maldistribution of access to healthcare throughout the world, specifically access to paediatric cardiac care. Sustainable paediatric cardiac programmes must be established in developing countries to provide care to all children with congenital heart disease. Education and research are essential components to sustainable paediatric cardiac programmes in developing countries to define local problems and the incidence of disease, and to generate solutions thereto related. Research can contribute to developing local expertise, improving technology, providing opportunities for local talent, generating financial resources, enhancing the dignity of people, and the facilitating resolution of health problems throughout the world. Clinical trials conducted in developing countries should meet the same ethical standards as trials based in developed countries.

Safeguards, Standards, and the Science-Policy Interfaces of REDD+: Greening Land Use Through Forest-Based Mitigation in Costa Rica?

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Wallbott ◽  
G. Kristin Rosendal
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Science Policy ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Mitigation Projects

This article looks at the evolving concept of “Green Economy” and its potential synergies and trade-offs with biodiversity governance and land use management. By analyzing the accelerating debate and institutionalization of forest-based mitigation projects that are inclined to market-based funding in developing countries through Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries (REDD+), this study aims to critically engage with the promises of a Green Economy that have been purported internationally. We empirically analyze the global development of REDD+ safeguards and standards with a special focus on the role of science–policy interfaces and monitoring, reporting, and verification. These outlines are projected to the exemplary case of Costa Rica, a front-runner in developing land use approaches with a strong reputation for conservation and sustainable forestry.

The Role of Local Interactions in Cities’ Global Networking of Multinational Firms: An SIR Model Applied to Partial-Multiplex Directed Networks

2018 ◽  
pp. 138-147
Author(s):  
Maria Tsouchnika ◽  
Michael Kanetidis ◽  
Celine Rozenblat ◽  
Panos Argyrakis
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Firms ◽  
Sir Model ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Geographical Proximity ◽  
Directed Networks ◽  
Financial Network ◽  
Local Interactions ◽  
Form Complex ◽  
The World

In “The Role of Local Interactions in Cities’ Global Networking of Multinational Firms: An SIR Model Applied to Partial-Multiplex Directed Networks,” the spreading of a financial crisis in a partial-multiplex, direct financial network is simulated. Two important factors shape the relationships between the cities: their geographical proximity and their activity proximity. Global firms interact with each other to form complex networks of financial relations of ownership relations between them. Whatever their activities, the networks of companies are mostly concentrated in the main global cities of the world, where they benefit from human, natural, and financial resources, but reversely, firms’ networks contribute to build the global characters of cities. This chapter examines the possible outcome of the spreading of a catastrophic event, such as an epidemic, by applying an SIR process to this network.

scholarly journals The Role of the unfccc Regime in Ensuring Effective Adaptation in Developing Countries: Lessons from Bangladesh

Climate Law ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 327-352
Author(s):  
Meinhard Doelle ◽  
Steven Evans ◽  
Tony George Puthucherril
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Climate Change Adaptation ◽  
Future Climate ◽  
Climate Regime ◽  
The Future

The goal of this article is to explore climate change adaptation efforts in Bangladesh within the context of the unfccc’s current efforts to assist developing countries such as Bangladesh with adaptation, and to offer recommendations for negotiators of the future climate regime.

scholarly journals Toward REDD+ Implementation

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 373-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danae Maniatis ◽  
Joel Scriven ◽  
Inge Jonckheere ◽  
Jennifer Laughlin ◽  
Kimberly Todd
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Emissions Reductions ◽  
Parallel Processes ◽  
Nationally Determined Contributions ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
National Framework

After several years of REDD+ (reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries, and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries) readiness, countries are starting to move toward REDD+ implementation and accessing results-based payments (RBPs). Currently various parallel processes for accessing RBPs exist, including project and jurisdictional—approaches that often operate under a nascent national framework. This review is structured around the key considerations for countries to implement REDD+ and access RBPs. It offers a discussion focusing on three areas that are crucial for the success of REDD+: ( a) REDD+ in the context of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), ( b) the role of the private sector in achieving emissions reductions, and ( c) access to RBPs for REDD+. We present some key considerations for future issues and possible successes of REDD+ implementation.

scholarly journals Fragmentation and Coordination of REDD+ Finance under the Paris Agreement Regime

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1452
Author(s):  
Dong-hwan Kim ◽  
Do-hun Kim ◽  
Hyun Seok Kim ◽  
Raehyun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Support Needs ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Total Size ◽  
Major Donors

Under the Kyoto Protocol regime, various forms of financial support have been committed to helping the implementation of reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, as well as fostering conservation, the sustainable management of forests, and the enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+) in developing countries. We analyzed the fragmentation of REDD+ finance and suggested methods for its coordination under the Paris Agreement regime. The fragmentation of REDD+ finance was observed, but it was lower than that of general official development assistance (ODA). However, we found that the trend of fragmentation in REDD+ financing is different from that of general ODA, with a few major donors occupying a large portion of the total size of committed REDD+ finance. Thus, it may not be appropriate to consider the fragmentation of REDD+ finance merely as an obstacle that needs to be decreased. Still, the total amount of REDD+ finance should be increased and adjusted for various donor–recipient relationships, in consideration of the REDD+ finance options in the Paris Agreement. Some REDD+ countries have made progress in national REDD+ and accomplished emission reductions. However, REDD+ finance needs to be stratified considering the progress of national REDD+. For such forms of cooperation, an information-sharing and monitoring system that collects information on ongoing REDD+ cooperation, the commitment and expenditure of REDD+ finance, and the support needs of REDD+ countries at a global level should be established. Multilateral organizations need to provide safeguarding functions for developing countries that are isolated from bilateral REDD+ finance.

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