scholarly journals An appropriate relationship between flexural strength and compressive strength of palm kernel shell concrete

2016 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 1553-1562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Tunde Yusuf ◽  
Yinusa Alaro Jimoh ◽  
Wahab Adebayo Salami
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell

scholarly journals Effect of Water Cement Ratios on Compressive Strength of Palm Kernel Shell Concrete

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (Issue 1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.O Adeyemi ◽  
M.A Anifowose ◽  
I.O Amototo ◽  
S.A Adebara ◽  
M.Y Olawuyi
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Coarse Aggregate ◽  
Fresh Concrete ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Hardened Concrete ◽  
Cement Ratio ◽  
Water Cement Ratio ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Compressive Strength Of Concrete ◽  
Palm Kernel Shells

This study examined the effect of varying water cement ratio on the compressive strength of concrete produced using palm kernel shell (PKS) as coarse aggregate at different replacement levels. The replacement levels of coarse aggregate with palm kernel shells (PKS) were 0%, 25%, 50%, and 100% respectively. PKS concrete cubes (144 specimens) of sizes 150mm x 150mm x 150mm were cast and cured in water for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days respectively. A mix ratio of 1:2:4 was adopted with water-cement ratio of 0.45, 0.5, and 0.6 respectively while the batching was done by weight. Slump test was conducted on fresh concrete while compressive strength test was carried out on the hardened concrete cubes using a compression testing machine of 2000kN capacity. The result of tests on fresh concrete shows that the slump height of 0.45 water cement ratio (w/c) increases with an increase in PKS%. This trend was similar to 0.50 and 0.60 w/c. However, the compressive strength of concrete cube decreases with an increase in w/c (from 0.45 to 0.60) but increases with respect to curing age and also decreases with increase in PKS%. Concrete with 0.45 water-cement ratio possess the highest compressive strength. It was observed that PKS is not a good substitute for coarse aggregate in mix ratio 1:2:4 for concrete productions. Hence, the study suggest the use of chemical admixture such as superplasticizer or calcium chloride in order to improve the strength of palm kernel shells-concrete.

scholarly journals Assessment of Workability and Compressive Strength of Rice Husk Ash-Blended Palm Kernel Shell Concrete

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. O. Oriola
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Rice Husk Ash ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Lightweight Aggregate ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Lightweight Aggregate Concrete ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Compressive Strength Of Concrete

The evaluation of agro-industrial by-products as alternative construction materials is becoming more significant as the demand for environmentally friendly construction materials increases. In this study, the workability and compressive strength of concrete produced by combining Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) and Rice Husk Ash (RHA) was investigated. Concrete mixes using a fixed content of 15% RHA as replacement for cement and 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% PKS as replacement for crushed granite by volume with the mix ratios of 1:1½:3, 1:2:4 and 1:3:6 were produced. The water-to-cement ratios of 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7 were used for the respective mix ratios. Concrete without PKS and RHA served as control mix. The fresh concrete workability was evaluated through slump test. The concrete hardened properties determined were the density and compressive strength. The results indicated that the workability and density of PKSC were lower than control concrete, and they decreased as the PKS content in each mix ratio was increased. The compressive strength of concrete at 90 days decreased from 27.8-13.1 N/mm2, 23.8-8.9 N/mm2and 20.6-7.6 for 1:1½:3, 1:2:4 and 1:3:6, respectively as the substitution level of PKS increased from 0-100%. However, the compressive strength of concrete increased with curing age and the gain in strength of concrete containing RHA and PKSC were higher than the control at the later age. The concrete containing 15% RHA with up to 40% PKS for 1:1½:3 and 20% PKS for 1:2:4 mix ratios satisfied the minimum strength requirements for structural lightweight aggregate concrete (SLWAC) stipulated by the relevant standards. It can be concluded that the addition of 15% RHA is effective in improving the strength properties of PKSC for eco-friendly SLWAC production..

Oil Palm Clinker Potentility for Producing Lightweight Concrete: Compressive Strength, Tensile and Modulus of Elasticity Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 841 ◽  
pp. 200-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rezuwan Kamaruddin ◽  
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah ◽  
Muhammad Faheem Mohd Tahir ◽  
Januarti Jaya Ekaputri
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Lightweight Concrete ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Inert Material ◽  
Fibrous Materials ◽  
Boiler Furnace ◽  
Conventional Concrete ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell

Oil palm clinker is formed by burning of oil palm kernel shell and fibrous materials in boiler furnace. The clinker is no longer a bio-material that has changed to inert material likes the crushed brick. Large quantities oil palm clinkers have become a waste and caused disposal problem. It requires extra costs for handling, transportation and finding out suitable the dumping site. Research has been conducted to explore the potentiality usage of oil palm clinker as fine and coarse lightweight aggregates at Universiti Pertanian Malaysia. Mixtures of oil palm clinker concretes were designed, prepared and tested. Mechanical properties of a good mixture of tensile strength, compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, creep and shrinkage were satisfied the standard engineering codes of practices. Oil palm clicker concrete was found lighter than conventional concrete, which usually weighs between 2240 and 2400 kg m-3. The means of compressive and tensile strengths were found 30.79 and 3.34 N mm-2 respectively. In addition, the mean of modulus of elasticity was 13.024 kNmm-2. Therefore, oil palm clinker aggregate and concrete are recommended to be used in lightweight reinforced concrete structures.

scholarly journals Investigating the Performance of Palm Kernel Shells and Periwinkle Shells as Coarse Aggregates in Concrete

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
O.J Oladiran ◽  
D.R Simeon ◽  
O.A Olatunde
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Lightweight Concrete ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Light Weight ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Coarse Aggregates ◽  
Palm Kernel Shells ◽  
Periwinkle Shell

Excessive usage of materials is causing fast depletion of natural stone deposit. This study therefore investigates the performance of palm kernel shells (PKS) and periwinkle shells (PS) as alternatives coarse aggregates in concrete. Forty cubes and 40 cylinders each were produced with PKS and PS as replacement materials for granite. Series of tests were conducted to determine their performances. The results showed that, compressive and tensile strengths decrease as PKS and PS content increases, which allow specific area to increase, thus requiring more cement paste to bond effectively with the shells. The result also revealed that for all curing ages, palm kernel shell concrete (PKSC) have lower compressive strength and tensile strength than periwinkle shell concrete (PSC). The compressive strength and tensile strength of the 28-day PKSC with 100% replacement were 4.33 N/mm2 and 3.68 N/mm2 respectively; that of PSC at 100% replacement were 5.89 N/mm2 and 4.95 N/mm2 respectively; and granite concrete without any replacement were 25.11 N/mm2 and 11.74 N/mm2 respectively. It is concluded that both PKSC and PSC satisfied the compressive strength and tensile strength requirement of light weight concrete, although PS has better gradation and bonding to cement than PKS. This implies that PS is best suited as replacement for granite in lightweight concrete than PKS. It is recommended that the mix-ratio should be altered to get higher values of compressive strength; and both PKS and PS should be used for lightweight concretes.

scholarly journals Influence of Selected Curing Techniques on Compressive Strength of Concrete From Palm Kernel Shell Ash and Ordinary Portland Cement

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluwatosin Babatola
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Portland Cement ◽  
Ordinary Portland Cement ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Maximum Size ◽  
Portland Cement Concrete ◽  
River Sand ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Crushed Aggregate ◽  
Compressive Strength Of Concrete

This paper discusses the findings of an experimental study on the effect of various curing procedures on the compressive strength of concrete produced by partially substituting portland cement with Palm Kernel Shell Ash (PKSA). Palm kernel shell ash was utilized in a 1:2:4 mix ratio as a partial substitute for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) at percentage levels of 0%, 10%, and 15%. River sand with particles passing a 4.75 mm BS sieve was used, as well as crushed aggregate with a maximum size of 20 mm, and palm kernel shell ash with particles passing a 212 μm sieve. The compressive strength of the test cubes (150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm) was determined after 7, 28, and 56 days of curing. The results demonstrated that test cubes containing Palm kernel shell ash developed strength over a longer curing period than ordinary Portland cement concrete samples and that the strength changes depending on the amount of PKSA in the cube samples. The findings showed that at 28 days, test cubes with 5%, 10%, and 15% PKSA content in all curing procedures utilized obtained a greater compressive strength. Curing by immersion produced the highest compressive strength in all replacement level while the concrete cured by sprinkling and spraying gives a lower strength in all replacement leve

scholarly journals INVESTIGATION ON THE FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF PALM KERNEL SHELL CONCRETE FOR STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuf I.T. ◽  
Babatunde Y.O. ◽  
Abdullah A.
Keyword(s):  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Cement Ratio ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Power Equation ◽  
Predictive Error ◽  
Structural Applications ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
The Cost

An increase in the cost of conventional aggregate and the resulting environmental ecological imbalance has propelled research in the use of organic and industrial wastes as alternatives. The use of palm kernel shell concrete (PKSC) for structural applications such as beams is yet to be explored, mainly as a result of fewer research in the flexural strength of PKSC. This study investigates the flexural strength of palm kernel shell concrete (PKSC) for structural applications such as beams. Standard 150 x 150 x 150mm cube size and 100 x 100 x 500mm prisms of PKSC samples were casted at 1:1:2 mix ratio at water cement ratio of 0.5, and tested at age of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days according to BS EN 12390 – 3 (2002) and BS EN 12390 - 5 (2000). Method of batch by volume was adopted. At 28 days, the results show that the PKSC beam can support a load of 3981N with a deflection and flexural strength of 0.947mm and 2.883N/mm2 respectively. Also, the theoretical values of flexural strength and deflection compares well with the experimental values. A power equation in the form y = axn relating flexural strength with compressive strength produced a R2 value of 0.94 and relative predictive error of 0.028, the latter compares well with ACI 363 (1992) minimum value of 0.026 for power equations.

scholarly journals Investigation of the Strength Properties of Palm Kernel Shell Ash Concrete

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 315-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Olutoge ◽  
H. A. Quadri ◽  
O. S. Olafusi
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Portland Cement ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Cement Concrete ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell

Many researchers have studied the use of agro-waste ashes as constituents in concrete. These agro-waste ashes are siliceous or aluminosiliceous materials that, in finely divided form and in the presence of moisture, chemically react with the calcium hydroxide released by the hydration of Portland cement to form calcium silicate hydrate and other cementitious compounds. Palm kernel shell ash (PKSA) is a by-product in palm oil mills. This ash has pozzolanic properties that enables it as a partial replacement for cement but also plays an important role in the strength and durability of concrete. The use of palm kernel shell ash (PKSA) as a partial replacement for cement in concrete is investigated. The objective of this paper is to alleviate the increasing challenges of scarcity and high cost of construction materials used by the construction industry in Nigeria and Africa in general, by reducing the volume of cement usage in concrete works. Collected PKSA was dried and sieved through a 45um sieve. The fineness of the PKSA was checked by sieving through 45um sieve. The chemical properties of the ash are examined whereas physical and mechanical properties of varying percentage of PKSA cement concrete and 100% cement concrete of mix 1:2:4 and 0.5 water-cement ratios are examined and compared. A total of 72 concrete cubes of size 150 × 150 × 150 mm³ with different volume percentages of PKSA to Portland cement in the order 0:100, 10:90 and 30:70 and mix ratio of 1:2:4 were cast and their physical and mechanical properties were tested at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days time. Although the compressive strength of PKSA concrete did not exceed that of OPC, compressive strength tests showed that 10% of the PKSA in replacement for cement was 22.8 N/mm2 at 28 days; which was quite satisfactory with no compromise in compressive strength requirements for concrete mix ratios 1:2:4. This research showed that the use of PKSA as a partial replacement for cement in concrete, at lower volume of replacement, will enhance the reduction of cement usage in concretes, thereby reducing the production cost. This research was carried out at the University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.

scholarly journals The Compressive Strength of Light Weight Concrete

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
J.E.O. Ovri ◽  
E.O. Okereke
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Lightweight Concrete ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Light Weight ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Light Weight Concrete ◽  
Periwinkle Shell

The compressive strength of lightweight concrete using palm kernel shell (pks) and periwinkle shell (pws) is reported. The strength as a function of aggregates ,age, and density were investigated. The strengths were measured at interval of 7-day for 28 days. The strengths obtained were in the range of those reported in the standards for lightweight concretes. The densities were also observed to increase with age and fall within the range of those reported in the literature. The results for the compressive strength showed that the strength increases with age for both aggregates.

ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF HIGH VOLUME BIOMASS WASTE MORTAR

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Habeeb Lateef Muttashar ◽  
M. W. Hussin ◽  
Jahanger Mirza ◽  
Ghasan Fahim Huseien
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Palm Oil Fuel Ash ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Oil Palm Fibre ◽  
Palm Fibre

This paper represents the effects of using waste generated from palm oil industries like ash, shell and fibre on the engineering properties of mortar. Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) was used as cement replacement up to 60% and Oil Palm Kernel Shell (OPKS) as sand replacement in mortar mixture. The Oil Palm Fibre was added to increase the strengthening performance of mortar. The method used to find the water binder ratio was by trial and error method with 1:3 ratio of cement to sand. The cubes size of 70mm x 70mm x 70mm, beams size of 40mm x 40mm x 160mm, and cylinders size of 70mm diameter and 150mm height, were cast and tested for compressive strength, flexural strength and splitting tensile strengths of mortar. Samples were cured in water before testing it at 7, 28, and 60 days. Also, the water absorption of mortar was tested at the age of 28 days. The results showed that oil palm fibre provided more advantages and increase the strength properties especially in the flexural and tensile strength. The addition of Oil Palm Kernel Shell reduced the density of mortar and it can be used for lightweight application.  The test results also showed that as the POFA ratio increased, the compressive strength of mortar decreased. However, as OPKS ratio increased, the density was found to be decreased. The mix proportions using 60% POFA and 20% OPKS was considered as the optimum mix design. The mortar showed optimum strength at 9% with the addition of fibre.

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