scholarly journals INVESTIGATION ON THE FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF PALM KERNEL SHELL CONCRETE FOR STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuf I.T. ◽  
Babatunde Y.O. ◽  
Abdullah A.
Keyword(s):  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Cement Ratio ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Power Equation ◽  
Predictive Error ◽  
Structural Applications ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
The Cost

An increase in the cost of conventional aggregate and the resulting environmental ecological imbalance has propelled research in the use of organic and industrial wastes as alternatives. The use of palm kernel shell concrete (PKSC) for structural applications such as beams is yet to be explored, mainly as a result of fewer research in the flexural strength of PKSC. This study investigates the flexural strength of palm kernel shell concrete (PKSC) for structural applications such as beams. Standard 150 x 150 x 150mm cube size and 100 x 100 x 500mm prisms of PKSC samples were casted at 1:1:2 mix ratio at water cement ratio of 0.5, and tested at age of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days according to BS EN 12390 – 3 (2002) and BS EN 12390 - 5 (2000). Method of batch by volume was adopted. At 28 days, the results show that the PKSC beam can support a load of 3981N with a deflection and flexural strength of 0.947mm and 2.883N/mm2 respectively. Also, the theoretical values of flexural strength and deflection compares well with the experimental values. A power equation in the form y = axn relating flexural strength with compressive strength produced a R2 value of 0.94 and relative predictive error of 0.028, the latter compares well with ACI 363 (1992) minimum value of 0.026 for power equations.

scholarly journals Effect of Water Cement Ratios on Compressive Strength of Palm Kernel Shell Concrete

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (Issue 1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.O Adeyemi ◽  
M.A Anifowose ◽  
I.O Amototo ◽  
S.A Adebara ◽  
M.Y Olawuyi
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Coarse Aggregate ◽  
Fresh Concrete ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Hardened Concrete ◽  
Cement Ratio ◽  
Water Cement Ratio ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Compressive Strength Of Concrete ◽  
Palm Kernel Shells

This study examined the effect of varying water cement ratio on the compressive strength of concrete produced using palm kernel shell (PKS) as coarse aggregate at different replacement levels. The replacement levels of coarse aggregate with palm kernel shells (PKS) were 0%, 25%, 50%, and 100% respectively. PKS concrete cubes (144 specimens) of sizes 150mm x 150mm x 150mm were cast and cured in water for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days respectively. A mix ratio of 1:2:4 was adopted with water-cement ratio of 0.45, 0.5, and 0.6 respectively while the batching was done by weight. Slump test was conducted on fresh concrete while compressive strength test was carried out on the hardened concrete cubes using a compression testing machine of 2000kN capacity. The result of tests on fresh concrete shows that the slump height of 0.45 water cement ratio (w/c) increases with an increase in PKS%. This trend was similar to 0.50 and 0.60 w/c. However, the compressive strength of concrete cube decreases with an increase in w/c (from 0.45 to 0.60) but increases with respect to curing age and also decreases with increase in PKS%. Concrete with 0.45 water-cement ratio possess the highest compressive strength. It was observed that PKS is not a good substitute for coarse aggregate in mix ratio 1:2:4 for concrete productions. Hence, the study suggest the use of chemical admixture such as superplasticizer or calcium chloride in order to improve the strength of palm kernel shells-concrete.

scholarly journals An appropriate relationship between flexural strength and compressive strength of palm kernel shell concrete

2016 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 1553-1562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Tunde Yusuf ◽  
Yinusa Alaro Jimoh ◽  
Wahab Adebayo Salami
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell

scholarly journals Analisa Teknis Dan Biaya Penggunaan Bahan Bakar Cangkang Kelapa Sawit Dan Batu Bara Pada Boiler DZL4 Di PT. Lautan Luas Tbk.

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Laili Budi Hartanto ◽  
Maradu Sibarani ◽  
Jones Victor Tuapetel
Keyword(s):  
Solid Fuel ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Steam Pressure ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Heat Requirements ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Reaction Processes ◽  
Palm Kernel Shells ◽  
Feed Water Temperature

Abstrak               Boiler DZL4 dengan tipe solid fuel dioperasikan di PT. Lautan Luas Tbk untuk proses reaksi kimia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa jumlah kebutuhan dan biaya untuk bahan bakar batu bara jenis bituminus dan cangkang sawit. Variabel bebas adalah kapasitas boiler 2,5 ton/jam, 3 ton/jam, 4 ton/jam. Variabel konstan adalah tekanan steam 1,25 MPa, temperatur steam 194ºC, temperature air umpan 75°C pada tekanan 0,15 MPa, efisiensi boiler 78,8%. Metode penelitian adalah dengan menghitung kebutuhan kalor boiler, kebutuhan bahan bakar, jumlah biaya untuk setiap jenis bahan bakar dilanjutkan dengan analisa. Hasil perhitungan kalor boiler kapasitas 2,5 ton/jam, 3 ton/jam, 4 ton/jam berturut-turut adalah 1.482.476 kkal/jam, 1.778.972 kkal/jam, 2.371.962 kkal/jam. Kebutuhan bahan bakar batu bara dan cangkang sawit per jam berturut-turut sebesar 304 kg, 364 kg, 483 kg dan 430 kg, 511 kg, 681 kg. Biaya untuk batu bara dan cangkang sawit per jam berturut-turut adalah Rp350.000, Rp419.000, Rp555.500, dan Rp365.500, Rp435.500, Rp579.000.Kata kunci: boiler, solid fuel, cangkang sawit, batu bara, biayaAbstract                The Boiler DZL4 with solid fuel type are operated in PT. Lautan Luas Tbk for chemical reaction processes. The purpose of this research is to analize the amount of use and costs between palm kernel shell and bituminous type of coal. The independent variables are boiler capacity of 2,5 tons/hour, 3 tons/hour and 4 tons/hour. The constant variable is steam pressure 1,25 MPa, steam temperature 194ºC, feed water temperature 75°C at 0,15 MPa pressure and boiler efficiency 78,8%. The research method is to calculate the boiler heat requirements, amount of fuel needs, the costs for each type of fuel then continue the analysis. The results of heating boiler calculations for capacity of 2,5 tons/hour, 3 tons/hour and 4 tons/hour respectively are 1.482.476 kcal/hour, 1.778.972 kcal/hour, 2.371.962 kcal/hour. The fuel consumption of coal and palm kernel shells per hour respectively are 304 kg, 364kg, 483 kg, and 430 kg, 511 kg, 681 kg. The cost for coal and palm kernel shells per hour respectively are Rp350.000, Rp419.000, Rp555.500, and Rp365.500, Rp435.500, Rp579.000.Keywords: boiler, solid fuel, palm kernel shell, coal, cost

scholarly journals MODELING AND SIMULATION OF WOOD AND FLY ASH BEHAVIOUR AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT FOR CEMENT ON FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eluozo S.N. ◽  
Dimkpa K
Keyword(s):  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Concrete Strength ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Self Compacting Concrete ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
Cement Ratio ◽  
Analytical Simulation ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
Curing Age

Flexural strength was monitor and predicted on the application improving concrete strength with wood and fly as partial replacement for cement. The study observed the pressure from the constituent of these locally sourced material that has been observed from the study to influence the flexural strength through the effect from this locally sourced addictives, the study monitors concrete porosity on heterogeneity as it reflect on the flexural strength of self compacting concrete, other condition considered was the compaction and placement of concrete, these effects were monitored at  constant water cement ratio from design mix, the behaviour from this effects on the concrete observed the rate of flexural growth under the influences of these stated conditions, the simulation expressed the reactions of these effects through these parameters monitored to influence the system, numerical simulations were also applied to the optimum curing age of twenty eight days, while analytical simulation was also applied, this concept are the conventional seven days interval that concrete curing were observed, these are improvement done on the study carried out by SachinPrabhu et al 2018, these locally sourced material were experimentally applied, the simulation predictive values is at the interval of seven days of curing, which was also simulated. the predictive values were compared with the experimental values of SachinPrabhu et al 2018, and both values developed best fits correlations, the study is imperative because the system considered  the parameters used on experimental and observed other influential variables that were not examined, these were not observed in the experimental procedure, experts in concrete engineering will definitely find these concept a better option in monitoring flexural strength   of self compacting concrete in general.

scholarly journals BOND AND FLEXURAL STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTIALLY REPLACED SELF-COMPACTING PALM KERNEL SHELL CONCRETE

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samson Olalekan Odeyemi ◽  
Rasheed Abdulwahab ◽  
Adebayo Akeem Abdulsalam ◽  
Mukaila Abiola Anifowose
Keyword(s):  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Bond Strength ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Reinforcing Bars ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
A Value ◽  
Water To Cement Ratio ◽  
Flexural Tests

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is an innovative concrete that has helped in overcoming challenges associated with vibrated concrete such as congested reinforcements, noise from vibrators, and cost of hiring vibrators. This research examined the bond strength between partially replaced Self Compacting Palm Kernel Shell (SCPKS) concrete and high yield reinforcing bars wherein the granite content of the concrete was replaced by 50% of palm kernel shell (total replacement disintegrated on removal of mould). SCPKS concrete specimens of mix ratios 1:2:4, 1:1.5:3 and 1:1:2 were produced and cured for 7 days, 21 days and 28 days at water to cement ratio (w/c) of 0.5 and 0.6 respectively. Flow, bond strength, and flexural tests were conducted on the samples. The highest bond strength was recorded for mix ratio 1:1:2 at w/c of 0.5 when tested at 28 days with a value of 5.56 N/mm2. This value is 0.072% higher than the 28th day strength of 5.52 N/mm2 for SCC without replacement of the granite content. Also, the highest flexural strength was recorded for mix ratio 1:1:2 at w/c of 0.5 when tested at 28 days with a value of 6.88 N/mm2. It was concluded that palm kernel shell can be safely used for partial replacement in SCC.

Influence of Sand/Cement Ratio on Mechanical Properties of Palm Kernel Shell Concrete

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1764-1769 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Mahmud ◽  
H. Mahmud ◽  
H. Mahmud ◽  
H. Mahmud ◽  
H. Mahmud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Cement Ratio ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell

scholarly journals Estimation of Elastic Properties of Oil Palm Kernel Shell Concrete by Semianalytical Methods of Homogenisation

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Mohamed Gibigaye ◽  
Fructueux Gildas Godonou ◽  
Crespin Prudence Yabi ◽  
Gerard Degan
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Coarse Aggregate ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Mix Design ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Structural Concrete ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Experimental Values

Despite its importance as one of the key parameters in the design of structural elements, the modulus of elasticity (MoE) is one of the least researched areas in oil palm kernel shell (OPKS) concrete. In the present study, we determined the MoE of OPKS concrete, using micromechanical models based on the classic approaches of homogenisation of Hashin–Shtrikman (HS) and Mori–Tanaka (MT). The MoE values for OPKSC (fcu < 35 MPa and OPKS volume fraction < 42%) estimated using the HS and MT models in the literature showed a good correlation with the experimental values. An empirical linear correlation between the volume fraction of inclusions and the MoE was proposed. The results obtained can enable better control of the mix design of structural concrete based on the proportion of OPKS coarse aggregate in tropical countries producing palm oil.

scholarly journals BETON BERMUTU DAN RAMAH LINGKUNGAN DENGAN MEMANFAATKAN LIMBAH ABU CANGKANG SAWIT

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 387
Author(s):  
Johan Oberlyn Simanjuntak ◽  
Tiurma Elita Saragih ◽  
Partahi Lumbangaol ◽  
Sintong Petrus Panjaitan
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Palm Shell ◽  
Oil Palm Shell ◽  
Compressive Strength Of Concrete ◽  
Test Objects ◽  
Main Material

Concrete is the main material for construction which is widely used throughout the world. However, with the increase in the use of concrete from time to time which causes the amount of available resources to decrease and will also disturb the environmental balance, an alternative that can be used to overcome this is to get environmentally friendly concrete which reduces the use of cement utilizing the results of industrial wastes. One of them is the utilization of oil palm shell ash waste. Palm shell ash is expected to be used as an additive to the concrete mixture. In this study, palm kernel shell ash was used as an additive to cement with a mixture of 0%, 3%, 6%, 9% by weight of cement. The number of test objects is 3 cylinders for each variation of the mixture. The type of test carried out is in the form of the compressive strength of the concrete and the observation of the test object is carried out at the age of 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, and 28 days. From the research results, it was found that the increase in the value of the compressive strength of concrete on the variation of the addition of palm shell ash waste as an added material to cement to create quality and environmentally friendly concrete.

A COMPARISON STUDY OF WATER FILTERING MATERIALSMADE FROM EXTRACTED PALM FRUIT FIBREAND PALM KERNEL SHELL

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 2657-2663
Author(s):  
Jamaliah Idris ◽  
Siti Fadira Osman ◽  
Eyu Gaius ◽  
Chukwuekezie Christian
Keyword(s):  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Comparison Study ◽  
Palm Fruit ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell
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