Dry matter accumulation in potato clones under seasonal high temperature conditions in Pakistan

1992 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 667-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasrullah J. Malik ◽  
Robert B. Dwelle ◽  
Michael K. Thornton ◽  
Joseph J. Pavek
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Temperature Conditions

scholarly journals The Interactive Effects of Daytime High Temperature and Humidity on Growth and Endogenous Hormone Concentration of Tomato Seedlings

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 1575-1583
Author(s):  
Yanjiao Zheng ◽  
Zaiqiang Yang ◽  
Chao Xu ◽  
Lin Wang ◽  
Haijing Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Tomato Seedling ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Temperature Conditions ◽  
Temperature Environment ◽  
Tomato Growth

High temperature and high relative humidity (RH) are one of the most serious agricultural meteorological disasters that limit the production capacity of agricultural facilities. However, little information is available on the precise interaction between these factors on tomato growth. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of high temperature under different RH levels on tomato growth and endogenous hormones and to determine the optimal RH for tomato seedling growth under high temperature environment. Two high temperature (38/18 °C, 41/18 °C) and three relative humidity (50 ± 5%, 70 ± 5%, 90 ± 5%) orthogonal experiments were conducted, with 28/18 °C, 50 ± 5% (CK) as control. The results showed that the dry matter accumulation of tomato plants under high temperature environment was significantly lower than that of CK. At 38 °C, the dry matter accumulation with 70% relative humidity was not significantly different from that of CK; at 41 °C, dry matter accumulation with 70% and 90% relative air humidity was significantly greater than that of 50%. The concentrations of soluble sugar and free amino acids in all organs in high temperature-treated plants were significantly higher than that in CK. As relative humidity increased, soluble sugar concentrations of each organ decreased, and the free amino acid concentrations increased. Cytokinin (ZT) and indole acetic acid (IAA) concentrations in tomato buds were significantly lower than in CK under high temperature conditions. The lower the RH, the lower the content of ZT and IAA. The gibberellin (GA3) and abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations were higher than in CK under high temperatures. GA3 concentrations decreased and ABA concentrations were augmented with increased humidity. The differences of tomato seedling growth indices and apical bud endogenous hormone concentrations between RHs under high temperature conditions were significant. Raising RH to 70% or higher under high temperature conditions could be beneficial to the growth of tomato plants. The results contribute to a better understanding of the interactions between microclimate parameters inside a Venlo-type glass greenhouse environment, in a specific climate condition, and their effects on the growth of tomato.

Effects of Drought and High Temperature on Grain Growth in Wheat

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 553 ◽  
Author(s):  
ME Nicolas ◽  
RM Gleadow ◽  
MJ Dalling
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Maximum Cell ◽  
Effects Of Drought

The effects of two levels of temperature and of water supply on grain development of wheat (cv. Warigal) were studied by imposing treatments during the early or late period of cell division. High temperature (28°C day/20°C night) accelerated development of the grain. Dry matter accumulation and cell division proceeded at a higher rate but had a shorter duration in the high temperature treatments. Maximum cell number, final cell size and the number of large starch granules per cell were not significantly reduced by high temperature. Drought and drought × high temperature reduced the storage capacity of the grain, with a decrease in number of cells and starch granules in the endosperm. Cell size was also reduced when treatments were imposed late during cell division. Duration of dry matter accumulation and cell division was reduced in the drought and drought × high temperature treatments. The combined effects of drought and high temperature were much more severe than those of each separate treatment. The amount of sucrose per cell was similar in all treatments. It appears unlikely that the supply of sucrose to the endosperm cells is the main limiting factor of dry matter accumulation in both drought and high temperature treatments.

Effects of Exposure of Wheat Ears to High Temperature on Dry Matter Accumulation and Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Grain of Two Cultivars. I. Immediate Responses

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
CF Jenner
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Sucrose Synthase ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Mass Action ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Partial Explanation ◽  
Calculated Mass ◽  
Percentage Basis

Ears of wheat were exposed for up to 7 days during the grain-filling stage to high temperature (35�C day/25�C night) and metabolic responses in the grain were compared to those in ears maintained at lower temperatures (21�C day/16�C night). Two cultivars of wheat known to differ in their post-anthesis tolerance of high temperature were compared. Raising the temperature resulted in a small increase in the rate of dry matter accumulation: both cultivars responded similarly. Sucrose content of the endosperm was either not affected or increased by raising the temperature. Raising the temperature had differential effects on glucose and fructose content: fructose was substantially reduced while glucose was either unaffected or slightly increased. After raising the temperature the concentrations of all three hexose phosphates measured, glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P), glucose-1-phosphate (G-1-P) and fructose-6-phosphate (F-6-P), were reduced similarly on a percentage basis and to about the same extent as fructose. The concentration of the sugar nucleotide (UDP-glucose) resulting from the breakdown of sucrose by sucrose synthase was also reduced at high temperature. Judging from calculated mass-action ratios, all three catalytic steps involved in the interconversion of the metabolites mentioned above were close to equilibrium, and only one mass action ratio (for sucrose synthase) was affected by heating: it was doubled. Although temperature clearly resulted in changes in the reaction catalysed by sucrose synthase, it was not clear how temperature had acted. Concentration of the precursor for starch synthesis (ADP-glucose) was slightly lower in both cultivars at the higher temperature. Taken together the responses could provide at least a partial explanation for the smallness of the increase in starch deposition with increase in temperature, but do not explain the different responses of these two cultivars to high temperature.

The effect of temperature on growth and dry matter production of avocado plants

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 549 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Lahav ◽  
T Trochoulias
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Temperature Extremes ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Temperature Conditions ◽  
Diffusive Resistance ◽  
Hass Avocado

Grafted cv. Fuerte and cv. Hass avocado plants were grown for 81 days in sunlit growth chambers at day/night temperatures of 17/10, 21/14, 25/18, 29/22, 33/26 and 37/30�C. Stem diameter, length of side branches, the number of leaves, leaf area and plant height, were all greater in the 21/14 to 33/26�C temperature range, than at temperatures of 17/10�C and especially 37/30�C, which restricted growth in both cultivars. Total dry matter accumulation by Fuerte was greatest at 25/18�C, while Hass was less affected by temperature extremes. High temperatures produced maximum dry matter in the leaves, while low temperatures produced it in the roots. Temperatures of 37/30�C reduced root growth and dry matter accumulation by 60-70% as compared with the optimal treatments. It is suggested that under high temperature conditions measures should be taken to cool the soil. The Fuerte plants were more affected by temperature extremes than were the Hass plants which had a broader range of optimal growth response. Therefore cv. Hass could be expected to adapt better to extreme temperature conditions. Hass plants grown under high temperatures exhibited a greater leaf diffusive resistance than Fuerte and are therefore more capable of reducing water loss from the leaves. As temperatures decreased, more red pigment was evident in the young flush of both cultivars.

The Effect of High Temperature on the Accumulation of Dry Matter, Carbon and Nitrogen in the Kernel of Rice

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 259 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Tashiro ◽  
IF Wardlaw
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Linear Phase ◽  
Kernel Size ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
The Mean

Transferring rice plants (Oryza sativa L. cv. Calrose) growing at 27/22�C to a range of dayhight temperatures 7 days after heading resulted in little variation in kernel size with temperature in the range from 24/19�C (mean 21.7�C) to 30/25�C (mean 26.7�C). This is close to the mean monthly temperature recorded for the rice growing areas of southern Australia during the period of kernel development. There was a significant drop in kernel dry weight with a further increase in temperature to 33/28�C and 39/24�C. When plants were transferred to a temperature of 36/31�C for periods of 8 days, commencing at regular intervals from heading, the greatest change in dry weight of the kernels occurred when the treatment commenced 12 days after heading and the kernels were in the linear phase of dry matter accumulation. The flow of nitrogen into kernels was more stable than that of carbon as temperatures were increased, with little change in nitrogen (mg) per kernel until the temperature was greater than 33/28�C. Changes in temperature away from the optimum (27/22�C) always resulted in an increase in the concentration of kernel nitrogen. The greatest reduction in kernel nitrogen (mg kernel-1), like that of carbon, occurred in high temperature treatments commencing 12 days after heading.

Factors Limiting the Rate of Dry Matter Accumulation in the Grain of Wheat Grown at High Temperature

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 387 ◽  
Author(s):  
IF Wardlaw ◽  
I Sofield ◽  
PM Cartwright
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Temperature Increase ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Temperature Ranges ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Lower Temperature

Increasing temperatures from 21/16°C to 30/25°C, during the period of development from anthesis to maturity, substantially reduced grain dry weight in wheat. Although this was associated with a shorter duration of grain development, the failure to obtain any compensating increase in the rate of dry matter accumulation, as occurs in the lower temperature ranges, was also considered important. There was no evidence that night temperatures were more important than day temperatures. Analysis of the movement of 14C-labelled photosynthate from the flag leaf to the ear indicated a faster rate of import of photosynthate by the grain at the higher temperature. However carbon lost through respiration is a component of the ear demand for photosynthate and it appears that increase in movement of photosynthate was balanced by greater respiratory losses. This additional carbon lost through enhanced respiration at high temperature could, however, only account at the most for 25% of the reduction in grain dry weight that occurred with the temperature increase from 21/16°C to 30/25°C. Altering either the demand for photosynthate by grain removal, or the supply of photosynthate by a defoliation and shading treatment, did not prevent the reduction in grain dry weight due to high temperature and this is a further indication that the temperature effect occurred mainly within, or close to, the grain itself, and did not result from an effect on the availability of photosynthate.

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