The Effect of High Temperature on the Accumulation of Dry Matter, Carbon and Nitrogen in the Kernel of Rice

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 259 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Tashiro ◽  
IF Wardlaw
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Linear Phase ◽  
Kernel Size ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
The Mean

Transferring rice plants (Oryza sativa L. cv. Calrose) growing at 27/22�C to a range of dayhight temperatures 7 days after heading resulted in little variation in kernel size with temperature in the range from 24/19�C (mean 21.7�C) to 30/25�C (mean 26.7�C). This is close to the mean monthly temperature recorded for the rice growing areas of southern Australia during the period of kernel development. There was a significant drop in kernel dry weight with a further increase in temperature to 33/28�C and 39/24�C. When plants were transferred to a temperature of 36/31�C for periods of 8 days, commencing at regular intervals from heading, the greatest change in dry weight of the kernels occurred when the treatment commenced 12 days after heading and the kernels were in the linear phase of dry matter accumulation. The flow of nitrogen into kernels was more stable than that of carbon as temperatures were increased, with little change in nitrogen (mg) per kernel until the temperature was greater than 33/28�C. Changes in temperature away from the optimum (27/22�C) always resulted in an increase in the concentration of kernel nitrogen. The greatest reduction in kernel nitrogen (mg kernel-1), like that of carbon, occurred in high temperature treatments commencing 12 days after heading.

Factors Limiting the Rate of Dry Matter Accumulation in the Grain of Wheat Grown at High Temperature

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 387 ◽  
Author(s):  
IF Wardlaw ◽  
I Sofield ◽  
PM Cartwright
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Temperature Increase ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Temperature Ranges ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Lower Temperature

Increasing temperatures from 21/16°C to 30/25°C, during the period of development from anthesis to maturity, substantially reduced grain dry weight in wheat. Although this was associated with a shorter duration of grain development, the failure to obtain any compensating increase in the rate of dry matter accumulation, as occurs in the lower temperature ranges, was also considered important. There was no evidence that night temperatures were more important than day temperatures. Analysis of the movement of 14C-labelled photosynthate from the flag leaf to the ear indicated a faster rate of import of photosynthate by the grain at the higher temperature. However carbon lost through respiration is a component of the ear demand for photosynthate and it appears that increase in movement of photosynthate was balanced by greater respiratory losses. This additional carbon lost through enhanced respiration at high temperature could, however, only account at the most for 25% of the reduction in grain dry weight that occurred with the temperature increase from 21/16°C to 30/25°C. Altering either the demand for photosynthate by grain removal, or the supply of photosynthate by a defoliation and shading treatment, did not prevent the reduction in grain dry weight due to high temperature and this is a further indication that the temperature effect occurred mainly within, or close to, the grain itself, and did not result from an effect on the availability of photosynthate.

EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON RATE AND DURATION OF KERNEL DRY MATTER ACCUMULATION OF MAIZE

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 935-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. TOLLENAAR ◽  
T. W. BRUULSEMA
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Linear Kernel ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Kernel Growth

The response of rate and duration of kernel dry matter accumulation to temperatures in the range 10–25 °C was studied for two maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids grown under controlled-environment conditions. Kernel growth rates during the period of linear kernel growth increased linearly with temperature (b = 0.3 mg kernel−1 d−1 °C−1). Kernel dry weight at physiological maturity varied little among temperature treatments because the increase in kernel growth rate with increase in temperature was associated with a decline in the duration of kernel growth proportional to the increase in kernel growth rate.Key words: Zea mays L, period of linear kernel dry matter accumulation, controlled-environment conditions, kernel growth rate

THE EFFECT OF INGESTED CHLORTETRACYCLINE ON SOME HYDROLASES AND ORGANS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS IN GROWING PIGS: II. PROTEASE, AMYLASE, AND GELLULASE ACTIVITY OF THE CONTENTS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE AND OF THE CECUM; WEIGHTS OF SMALL INTESTINE AND MUCOSA

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. A. Vonk ◽  
L. W. McElroy ◽  
R. T. Berg
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Weanling Pigs ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum

Four treatments, involving differences in method of feeding and interval between last feed and slaughter, were employed in a study of the effect of dietary chlortetracycline on protease, amylase, and cellulase activity in the intestinal and cecal contents of 16 pairs of weanling pigs. Most consistent results were obtained with six pairs which were limited pair-fed except for the final feeding during which feed was available ad libitum for a 4-hour period ending 18 hours before slaughter. The mean total activities of all three hydrolases in the contents of the small intestines and of the ceca of the antibiotic-fed animals of these six pairs were significantly greater than in those of the control animals. Expressed as activity per gram dry matter of intestinal contents, significantly higher values for protease and amylase, but not for cellulase, were observed in the pigs that had received chlortetracycline. When the combined results obtained from all 16 pairs of the experimental animals were analyzed, the results showed that on a basis of activity per gram dry matter of intestinal contents, ingested chlortetracycline was associated with significant increases in amylase and cellulase but not in protease activity. Protease, amylase, and cellulase activities per gram dry matter of cecal contents were higher for pigs fed the antibiotic than for their controls. The mean wet weight of the empty small intestine and the mean dry weight of the mucosa scraped from the anterior 3-meter section of the small intestine were lower for the chlortetracycline-fed animals, but the differences were not statistically significant.

scholarly journals Seasonal Partitioning of Leaf and Fruit Potassium and Fruit Dry Matter in French Prune Trees at Various Potassium Levels

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (6) ◽  
pp. 981-986 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.J.A. Niederholzer ◽  
R.M. Carlson ◽  
K. Uriu ◽  
N.H. Willits ◽  
J.P. Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Accumulation Rates ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Weight Yield ◽  
High K

A study was undertaken to determine the seasonal dynamics of leaf and fruit K content and the influence of tree K status and fruit growth on leaf and fruit K accumulation rates in French prune (Prunus domestics L. cv. d'Agen). Mature trees in a commercial orchard were treated with various rates of K2 SO4. (O to ≈20 kg/tree) in the fall. Fruit dry weight yield per tree at harvest and fruit K content were higher for high-K trees, but fruit percent K (by dry weight) was ≈1.0% for all trees. Leaf scorch and subsequent abscission severely reduced the canopy of K-deficient trees. Significant positive linear relationships between leaf and fruit K accumulation rates existed for the periods of 28 Apr.-28 May (May) and 28 May-7 July (June). A significant negative linear relationship existed between these two criteria from 7 July-3 Aug. (July). May (0.237 mg K per fruit-day) and July (0.267 mg K per fruit-day) mean fruit K accumulation rates were similar, but both were significantly higher (P = 0.001) than those for June (0.140 mg K per fruit-day). Mean leaf K accumulation rates for May (- 0.007 mg K per leaf-day) and July (-0.010 mg K per leaf-day) were similar, but both were significantly (P = 0.001) less than for June (0.005 mg K per leaf-day). Potassium per fruit accumulation was highest in trees with highest K status. Periods of net leaf K efflux and influx did not precisely correlate with fruit growth stages measured by fruit dry weight. The period of lowest fruit K accumulation (28 May-7 July) coincided with the period of maximum dry matter accumulation by the kernel. After 7 July, all increases in fruit dry weight and K content were due to mesocarp growth.

Dry Matter, Nodulation and Nutrient Uptake in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) as Influenced by Irrigation and Phosphorus

1989 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Parihar ◽  
R. S. Tripathi
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Pan Evaporation ◽  
Eastern India

SUMMARYThe response of chickpea to irrigation and phosphorus was studied at Kharagpur in Eastern India. Irrigation scheduling was based on the ratio between irrigation water applied and cumulative pan evaporation (ID/CPE), and had little effect on dry matter accumulation. Increasing the frequency and amount of irrigation reduced the number and dry weight of nodules per plant, which increased to a maximum 70 days after sowing and then declined. Irrigation significantly reduced grain yield as a result of excessive vegetative growth at the expense of pod formation. Application of phosphorus promoted nodulation and increased both nodule dry weight and the concentration of N, P and K in grain and stover. Uptake of N, P and K by the crop was also increased.

Effects of Drought and High Temperature on Grain Growth in Wheat

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 553 ◽  
Author(s):  
ME Nicolas ◽  
RM Gleadow ◽  
MJ Dalling
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Maximum Cell ◽  
Effects Of Drought

The effects of two levels of temperature and of water supply on grain development of wheat (cv. Warigal) were studied by imposing treatments during the early or late period of cell division. High temperature (28°C day/20°C night) accelerated development of the grain. Dry matter accumulation and cell division proceeded at a higher rate but had a shorter duration in the high temperature treatments. Maximum cell number, final cell size and the number of large starch granules per cell were not significantly reduced by high temperature. Drought and drought × high temperature reduced the storage capacity of the grain, with a decrease in number of cells and starch granules in the endosperm. Cell size was also reduced when treatments were imposed late during cell division. Duration of dry matter accumulation and cell division was reduced in the drought and drought × high temperature treatments. The combined effects of drought and high temperature were much more severe than those of each separate treatment. The amount of sucrose per cell was similar in all treatments. It appears unlikely that the supply of sucrose to the endosperm cells is the main limiting factor of dry matter accumulation in both drought and high temperature treatments.

SUCROSE AND SUCROSE SYNTHASE ACTIVITY DURING KERNEL DEVELOPMENT IN TRITICALE, WHEAT AND RYE

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 867-877 ◽  
Author(s):  
LEONARD SAARI ◽  
SEPPO O. SALMINEN ◽  
ROBERT D. HILL
Keyword(s):  
Sucrose Synthase ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Kernel Development ◽  
Hexokinase Activity ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Large Fluctuations ◽  
Substantial Decline ◽  
Sucrose Level

Developing triticale, wheat and rye grains were studied from 6 to 42 days postanthesis with respect to levels of sucrose and sucrose synthase activity. These were compared with levels of glucose and hexokinase activity as well as changes in dry weight and water content. Dry matter accumulation was linear in all cultivars and ceased at 26–34 days postanthesis, depending on the cultivar. Sucrose synthase activity was low in all tested cultivars at 3 days postanthesis and increased to near maximum levels by 15 days postanthesis. With the exception of triticale 6A190, maximum sucrose synthase activities were approximately 12 m units per seed and did not vary between cultivars. Triticale 6A190 had a maximum sucrose synthase activity of 16.5 m units per seed which occurred at about 21 days postanthesis. Sucrose synthase activity declined at maturity. Sucrose levels varied throughout kernel development. The extent of the variation differed amongst the tested cultivars. Triticale 6A190 had large fluctuations in sucrose level. Sucrose content changed from 1 mg per seed at day 12 to less than 0.1 mg/seed at day 18 to greater than 1 mg per seed at day 28. Hexokinase activity increased throughout kernel development with no substantial decline of activity at maturity. Glucose levels were highest during early kernel development and declined toward maturity. The variations in sucrose and sucrose synthase in triticale 6A190 suggest a malfunction in the metabolism of the line during kernel development. No direct relationship could be established, however, between these abnormalities and kernel shrivelling in 6A190.Key words: Sucrose, sucrose synthase, kernel development, triticale, wheat, rye, hexokinase

EFFECT OF THE PEA APHID, ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM (HEMIPTERA (HOMOPTERA): APHIDIDAE), ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF FORAGE ALFALFA

1982 ◽  
Vol 114 (6) ◽  
pp. 485-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Harper ◽  
M. S. Kaldy
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Limited Change

AbstractThe pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), affected yield by significantly reducing the mean height of aphid-susceptible Grimm alfalfa in a greenhouse experiment by 45%, the height of the longest stem by 35%, the green weight by 38%, the dry weight by 44%, and the fiber by 13%. There was limited change in quality of alfalfa. The percentages of protein, fat, total sugar, reducing sugar, dry matter, and nitrogen-free extract were not significantly different in the infested and non-infested alfalfa. Potassium was significantly lower in the infested plants but they contained more calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus. With the exception of isoleucine the amino acid composition was similar in the infested and non-infested alfalfa.

scholarly journals Effect of Silicon and Host Resistance on Sheath Blight Development in Rice

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (8) ◽  
pp. 827-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Á. Rodrigues Peters ◽  
L. E. Datnoff ◽  
G. H. Korndörfer ◽  
K. W. Seebold ◽  
M. C. Rush
Keyword(s):  
Host Resistance ◽  
Partial Resistance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sheath Blight ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Silicate Slag ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Calcium Silicate Slag ◽  
Lesion Extension ◽  
The Mean

Rice cultivars high in partial resistance (Jasmine, LSBR-5), moderately susceptible (Drew and Kaybonnet), and susceptible (Lemont and Labelle) to sheath blight were grown in a silicon-deficient Histosol with and without calcium silicate slag. The treatment with silicon increased the concentration of this element in plant tissue by 80%over all experiments. Fertilization with silicon significantly reduced the severity of sheath blight, and the total area under the vertical lesion extension progress curve on moderately susceptible and susceptible cultivars compared to those cultivars high in partial resistance without silicon. The percentage of infected tillers was significantly reduced by 82, 42, 28, 41, 26, and 17%respectively for Jasmine, LSBR-5, Drew, Kaybonnet, Lemont, and Labelle, when silicon was applied, over all experiments. Dry matter accumulation was significantly greater with added silicon. In the absence of disease, silicon enhanced dry matter accumulation by 15%over the control, whereas silicon more than doubled the mean dry matter accumulation in infected plants. The application of silicon to complement host resistance to sheath blight appears to be an effective strategy for disease management in rice, especially when the soil is low or limiting in plant-available silicon.

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