Factors Limiting the Rate of Dry Matter Accumulation in the Grain of Wheat Grown at High Temperature

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 387 ◽  
Author(s):  
IF Wardlaw ◽  
I Sofield ◽  
PM Cartwright
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Temperature Increase ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Temperature Ranges ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Lower Temperature

Increasing temperatures from 21/16°C to 30/25°C, during the period of development from anthesis to maturity, substantially reduced grain dry weight in wheat. Although this was associated with a shorter duration of grain development, the failure to obtain any compensating increase in the rate of dry matter accumulation, as occurs in the lower temperature ranges, was also considered important. There was no evidence that night temperatures were more important than day temperatures. Analysis of the movement of 14C-labelled photosynthate from the flag leaf to the ear indicated a faster rate of import of photosynthate by the grain at the higher temperature. However carbon lost through respiration is a component of the ear demand for photosynthate and it appears that increase in movement of photosynthate was balanced by greater respiratory losses. This additional carbon lost through enhanced respiration at high temperature could, however, only account at the most for 25% of the reduction in grain dry weight that occurred with the temperature increase from 21/16°C to 30/25°C. Altering either the demand for photosynthate by grain removal, or the supply of photosynthate by a defoliation and shading treatment, did not prevent the reduction in grain dry weight due to high temperature and this is a further indication that the temperature effect occurred mainly within, or close to, the grain itself, and did not result from an effect on the availability of photosynthate.

The Effect of High Temperature on the Accumulation of Dry Matter, Carbon and Nitrogen in the Kernel of Rice

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 259 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Tashiro ◽  
IF Wardlaw
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Linear Phase ◽  
Kernel Size ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
The Mean

Transferring rice plants (Oryza sativa L. cv. Calrose) growing at 27/22�C to a range of dayhight temperatures 7 days after heading resulted in little variation in kernel size with temperature in the range from 24/19�C (mean 21.7�C) to 30/25�C (mean 26.7�C). This is close to the mean monthly temperature recorded for the rice growing areas of southern Australia during the period of kernel development. There was a significant drop in kernel dry weight with a further increase in temperature to 33/28�C and 39/24�C. When plants were transferred to a temperature of 36/31�C for periods of 8 days, commencing at regular intervals from heading, the greatest change in dry weight of the kernels occurred when the treatment commenced 12 days after heading and the kernels were in the linear phase of dry matter accumulation. The flow of nitrogen into kernels was more stable than that of carbon as temperatures were increased, with little change in nitrogen (mg) per kernel until the temperature was greater than 33/28�C. Changes in temperature away from the optimum (27/22�C) always resulted in an increase in the concentration of kernel nitrogen. The greatest reduction in kernel nitrogen (mg kernel-1), like that of carbon, occurred in high temperature treatments commencing 12 days after heading.

scholarly journals Effects of temperature on some Physiological traits of Wheat

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farida Begum ◽  
Ashratun Nessa
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Physiological Traits ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Higher Temperature

The effect of high temperature on some physiological traits of wheat has been studied under controlled condition in a green house. The temperature stress chosen for the study were 25±1/14±10C (control) 28±1/18±10C day/night and 35±1/25±10C day/night temperature. Total crop duration was reduced under higher temperature. The results showed that leaf dry weight, shoot dry weight, flag leaf area of wheat was reduced under higher temperature. High temperature brought sterility and consequently reduced grain yield. Wheat plant grown under 35±1/25±10C, day night temperature failed to form any seed. Chlorophyll content also directly related to grain weight. High temperature reduced leaf chlorophyll content as well as grain weight. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbas.v38i2.21332 Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 38, No. 2, 103-110, 2014

scholarly journals Pyrolysis and Oxidation of PAN in Dry Air. Thermoanalytical Methods

1970 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-42
Author(s):  
Anna BIEDUNKIEWICZ ◽  
Pawel FIGIEL ◽  
Marta SABARA
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Increase ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Linear Change ◽  
Dry Air ◽  
Isothermal Conditions ◽  
Gaseous Products ◽  
Heterogeneous Processes ◽  
Temperature Ranges ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Kinetics Of

The results of investigations on pyrolysis and oxidation of pure polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and its mixture with N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) under non-isothermal conditions at linear change of samples temperature in time are presented. In each case process proceeded in different way. During pyrolysis of pure PAN the material containing mainly the product after PAN cyclization was obtained, while pyrolysis of PAN+DMF mixture gave the product after cyclization and stabilization. Under conditions of measurements, in both temperature ranges, series of gaseous products were formed.For the PAN-DMF system measurements at different samples heating rates were performed. The obtained results were in accordance with the kinetics of heterogeneous processes theory. The process rates in stages increased along with the temperature increase, and TG, DTG and HF function curves were shifted into higher temperature range. This means that the process of pyrolysis and oxidation of PAN in dry air can be carried out in a controlled way.http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.17.1.246

EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON RATE AND DURATION OF KERNEL DRY MATTER ACCUMULATION OF MAIZE

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 935-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. TOLLENAAR ◽  
T. W. BRUULSEMA
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Linear Kernel ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Kernel Growth

The response of rate and duration of kernel dry matter accumulation to temperatures in the range 10–25 °C was studied for two maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids grown under controlled-environment conditions. Kernel growth rates during the period of linear kernel growth increased linearly with temperature (b = 0.3 mg kernel−1 d−1 °C−1). Kernel dry weight at physiological maturity varied little among temperature treatments because the increase in kernel growth rate with increase in temperature was associated with a decline in the duration of kernel growth proportional to the increase in kernel growth rate.Key words: Zea mays L, period of linear kernel dry matter accumulation, controlled-environment conditions, kernel growth rate

Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Water Contents During Grain Development and Maturation in Wheat

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 799 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Sofield ◽  
IF Wardlaw ◽  
LT Evans ◽  
SY Zee
Keyword(s):  
Grain Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Water Entry ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Steady Rate

Plants of five cultivars of wheat were grown under controlled-environmental conditions in order to analyse the effect of cultivar and of temperature and illuminance after anthesis on the accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus by grains in relation to dry matter. The water relations of the grain during maturation were also examined, using calcium content as an index of water entry. The nitrogen and phosphorus contents of grains increased linearly throughout the grain growth period. The percentage of nitrogen and phosphorus in grains fell sharply during the first few days after anthesis but rose progressively thereafter. The higher the temperature, and the lower the illuminance, the higher was the percentage of nitrogen in the grain of all cultivars. Such conditions also reduce final grain size, but their effects on nitrogen concentration in the grain were apparent early in grain development. No evidence was found of a flush of nitrogen or phosphorus into the grain late in its development. Water entry into the grain continued at a steady rate until maximum grain dry weight was reached, then ceased suddenly. No evidence was found of an increased rate of water loss by the grain at that stage, and the rapid fall in water content at the cessation of grain growth may have been due to blockage of the chalazal zone of entry into the grain by the deposition of lipids. Accumulation of dry matter, nitrogen and phosphorus and entry of water into the grain all ceased at the time of lipid deposition in the chalazal zone.

scholarly journals Seasonal Partitioning of Leaf and Fruit Potassium and Fruit Dry Matter in French Prune Trees at Various Potassium Levels

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (6) ◽  
pp. 981-986 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.J.A. Niederholzer ◽  
R.M. Carlson ◽  
K. Uriu ◽  
N.H. Willits ◽  
J.P. Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Accumulation Rates ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Weight Yield ◽  
High K

A study was undertaken to determine the seasonal dynamics of leaf and fruit K content and the influence of tree K status and fruit growth on leaf and fruit K accumulation rates in French prune (Prunus domestics L. cv. d'Agen). Mature trees in a commercial orchard were treated with various rates of K2 SO4. (O to ≈20 kg/tree) in the fall. Fruit dry weight yield per tree at harvest and fruit K content were higher for high-K trees, but fruit percent K (by dry weight) was ≈1.0% for all trees. Leaf scorch and subsequent abscission severely reduced the canopy of K-deficient trees. Significant positive linear relationships between leaf and fruit K accumulation rates existed for the periods of 28 Apr.-28 May (May) and 28 May-7 July (June). A significant negative linear relationship existed between these two criteria from 7 July-3 Aug. (July). May (0.237 mg K per fruit-day) and July (0.267 mg K per fruit-day) mean fruit K accumulation rates were similar, but both were significantly higher (P = 0.001) than those for June (0.140 mg K per fruit-day). Mean leaf K accumulation rates for May (- 0.007 mg K per leaf-day) and July (-0.010 mg K per leaf-day) were similar, but both were significantly (P = 0.001) less than for June (0.005 mg K per leaf-day). Potassium per fruit accumulation was highest in trees with highest K status. Periods of net leaf K efflux and influx did not precisely correlate with fruit growth stages measured by fruit dry weight. The period of lowest fruit K accumulation (28 May-7 July) coincided with the period of maximum dry matter accumulation by the kernel. After 7 July, all increases in fruit dry weight and K content were due to mesocarp growth.

Dry Matter, Nodulation and Nutrient Uptake in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) as Influenced by Irrigation and Phosphorus

1989 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Parihar ◽  
R. S. Tripathi
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Pan Evaporation ◽  
Eastern India

SUMMARYThe response of chickpea to irrigation and phosphorus was studied at Kharagpur in Eastern India. Irrigation scheduling was based on the ratio between irrigation water applied and cumulative pan evaporation (ID/CPE), and had little effect on dry matter accumulation. Increasing the frequency and amount of irrigation reduced the number and dry weight of nodules per plant, which increased to a maximum 70 days after sowing and then declined. Irrigation significantly reduced grain yield as a result of excessive vegetative growth at the expense of pod formation. Application of phosphorus promoted nodulation and increased both nodule dry weight and the concentration of N, P and K in grain and stover. Uptake of N, P and K by the crop was also increased.

Effects of Drought and High Temperature on Grain Growth in Wheat

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 553 ◽  
Author(s):  
ME Nicolas ◽  
RM Gleadow ◽  
MJ Dalling
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Maximum Cell ◽  
Effects Of Drought

The effects of two levels of temperature and of water supply on grain development of wheat (cv. Warigal) were studied by imposing treatments during the early or late period of cell division. High temperature (28°C day/20°C night) accelerated development of the grain. Dry matter accumulation and cell division proceeded at a higher rate but had a shorter duration in the high temperature treatments. Maximum cell number, final cell size and the number of large starch granules per cell were not significantly reduced by high temperature. Drought and drought × high temperature reduced the storage capacity of the grain, with a decrease in number of cells and starch granules in the endosperm. Cell size was also reduced when treatments were imposed late during cell division. Duration of dry matter accumulation and cell division was reduced in the drought and drought × high temperature treatments. The combined effects of drought and high temperature were much more severe than those of each separate treatment. The amount of sucrose per cell was similar in all treatments. It appears unlikely that the supply of sucrose to the endosperm cells is the main limiting factor of dry matter accumulation in both drought and high temperature treatments.

scholarly journals Physiological and Yield Responses of Some Selected Rapeseed/ Mustard Genotypes to High Temperature Stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-56
Author(s):  
Faruque Ahmed ◽  
IM Ahmed ◽  
N Mokarroma ◽  
F Begum ◽  
A Jahan
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Sowing Dates

A pot experiment was conducted with five selected rapeseed/mustard genotypes (BJDH-11, BJDH-12, BJDH-20, BARI Sarisha-14, and BARI Sarisha-16) under two sowing dates (November 20 and December 20) for evaluating their responses to sowing date induced high temperature stress during rabi season of 2017-18. Sowing dates induced temperature variability showed remarkable changes in pheonlogy, leaf area, leaf chlorophyll content, dry matter production and seed yield. Although December 20 sown crop received lower temperatures (minimum 9.8 to 13.2 and maximum 22.6 to 27oC) than November 20 sown crop (minimum 14.8 to 16.4 and maximum 21 to 27.2oC) at flowering but reverse was found at grain development stage. Grain development stage of November 20sown crop received lower temperatures (minimum 8.2 to 13.2 and maximum 24.1 to 27 oC) while December 20 sown crop received higher temperatures at grain development stage (minimum 8.2 to 18 and maximum 22.6 to 32.5oC).As a result December 20 sown crop matured earlier (6 to 9 days) than November 20 sown crop. Leaf area/plant was higher in December 20 sown crops compared to November 20 sown but total dry matter production was more or less same in both the sowing dates. Leaf chlorophyll content did not show any remarkable variation due to variation in sowing dates. However, antioxidant activity like Catalyse (CAT), Peroxidase (POD) Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and Malondial dehyde (MDA) were found higher in December 20 sown crops than that of November 20sown. Higher activity of APX, POD and CAT with lower activity of MDA indicates comparatively high temperature tolerant genotype. Among the genotypes APX, POD and CAT activity were found higher with lower activity of MDA in BJDH-11 and BJDH-20 and these genotypes also gave higher yield than others. On the basis of growth parameters, antioxidant activity and seed yield of genotype BJDH-11 and BJDH-20 could be select as terminal high temperature tolerance genotypes. Bangladesh Agron. J. 2019, 22(1): 47-56

scholarly journals Internal Friction and Dynamic Modulus in Ultra-High Temperature Ru-Nb Functional Intermetallics / Tarcie Wewnętrzne I Moduł Dynamiczny W Bardzo Wysoko Temperaturowych Funkcjonalnych Związkach Międzymetalicznych Z Układu Ru-Nb

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 3069-3072
Author(s):  
M.L. Nó ◽  
L. Dirand ◽  
A. Denquin ◽  
J. San Juan
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Internal Friction ◽  
Martensitic Transformations ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Structural Defects ◽  
Complete Analysis ◽  
Internal Friction Peak ◽  
Thermally Activated ◽  
Temperature Ranges ◽  
Lower Temperature

In the present work we have studied the high-temperature shape memory alloys based on the Ru-Nb system by using two mechanical spectrometers working in temperature ranges from 200 to 1450ºC and -150 to 900ºC. We have studied internal friction peaks linked to the martensitic transformations in the range from 300 to 1200ºC. In addition, we have evidenced another internal friction peak at lower temperature than the transformations peaks, which apparently exhibits the behaviour of a thermally activated relaxation peak, but in fact is a strongly time-dependent peak. We have carefully studied this peak and discussed its microscopic origin, concluding that it is related to the interaction of some structural defects with martensite interfaces. Finally, we perform a complete analysis of the whole internal friction spectrum, taking into account the possible relationship between the time-dependent peak and the martensitic transformation behaviour.

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