scholarly journals In VitroDifferentiation Potential of the Periosteal Cells from a Membrane Bone, the Quadratojugal of the Embryonic Chick

1996 ◽  
Vol 180 (2) ◽  
pp. 701-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianmin Fang ◽  
Brian K. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Membrane Bone ◽  
Periosteal Cells

The role of movement and tissue interactions in the development and growth of bone and secondary cartilage in the clavicle of the embryonic chick

Development ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-152
Author(s):  
Brian K. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Histological Study ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Intramembranous Ossification ◽  
Tissue Interactions ◽  
Membrane Bone ◽  
Periosteal Cells ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Biomechanical Factors

There has been debate in the literature concerning whether the clavicle arises by intramembranous ossification, i.e. is a membrane bone, and whether secondary cartilage develops from its periosteal cells. A histological study of carefully staged embryos revealed that preclavicular mesenchyme undergoes condensation at H. H. stage 31–32, bone forms by H. H. stage 33 and that a transitory secondary cartilage appears late in H. H. stage 35, only to disappear by H. H. stage 36. Except for the transitory nature of the secondary cartilage, this histogenetic sequence is as seen in craniofacial membrane bones. Enzymic removal of the epithelium overlying clavicular mesenchyme from embryos of H. H. stages 26–34 and chorioallantoic grafting of the isolated mesenchyme, revealed an epithelial requirement for initiation of intramembranous ossification during H.H. stages 26–29, again similar to initiation of craniofacial osteogenesis. Secondary chondrogenesis was initiated neither in embryos paralysed with decamethonium iodide nor when clavicular mesenchyme (H.H. stages 29–33·5) was grafted to the chorioallantoic membranes of paralysed embryos, but did form in a small percentage (16–23 %) of clavicles grafted to the membranes of mobile embryos. Failure of chondrogenesis in the former was attributed to a requirement for movement as a proximate chondrogenic stimulus and the low incidence of chondrogenesis in the latter to the stimulus provided by amniotic movements which persist in paralysed embryos. Secondary cartilage did form when clavicles were organ cultured, either submerged, or at the air-medium interface. This stands in contrast to craniofacial membrane bone such as the quadratojugal, which only forms secondary cartilage in vitro when cultured submerged. Growth of the clavicle was shown to increase 53-fold between 10 and 11 days of incubation, an increase which was diminished but not eliminated in paralysed embryos, and which correlated closely with the dramatic increase in embryonic movement which occurs between 10 and 11 days of incubation. Thus, the clavicle of the embryonic chick shares all of the features and epigenetic requirements of the craniofacial membrane bones, but is more dependent upon biomechanical factors for its growth.

The genesis of membrane bone in the embryonic chick maxilla: epithelial-mesenchymal tissue recombination studies

Development ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-281
Author(s):  
Mary S. Tyler ◽  
David P. McCobb
Keyword(s):  
Bone Formation ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Bone Grafts ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Limb Buds ◽  
Mesenchymal Tissue ◽  
Membrane Bone ◽  
Tissue Recombination

In the present study, the question of whether a relatively non-specific epithelial requirement exists for membrane bone formation within the maxillary mesenchyme was investigated. Organ rudiments from embryonic chicks of three to five days of incubation (HH 18–25) were enzymatically separated into the epithelial and mesenchymal components. Maxillarymesenchyme (from embryos HH 18–19) which in the absence of epithelium will not form bone was recombined with epithelium from maxillae of similarly aged embryos (homotypichomochronic recombination) and of older embryos (HH 25) (homotypic-heterochronicrecombination). Heterotypic recombinations were made between maxillary mesenchyme (HH 18–19) and the epithelium from wing and hind-limb buds (HH 19–22). Recombinants were grown as grafts on thechorioallantoic membranes of host chick embryos. Grafts of intact maxillae, isolated maxillary mesenchyme, and isolated epithelia from the maxilla, wing-, and hind-limb buds weregrown as controls. The histodifferentiation of grafted intact maxillae was similar to that in vivo; both cartilage and membrane bone differentiated within the mesenchyme. Grafts of maxillary mesenchyme (from embryos HH 18–19) grown in the absence of epithelium formed cartilage but did not form membrane bone. Grafts of maxillary mesenchyme (from embryos HH 18–19) recombined with epithelium in homotypichomochronic, homotypic-heterochronic, and heterotypic tissue combinations formed membrane bone in addition to cartilage. These results indicate that maxillary mesenchyme requires the presence of epithelium to promote osteogenesis and that this epithelial requirement is relatively non-specific in terms of type and age of epithelium.

In vitro studies on skeletogenic potential of membrane bone periosteal cells

Development ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-207
Author(s):  
Peter Thorogood
Keyword(s):  
Neural Crest ◽  
Explant Culture ◽  
General Context ◽  
Avian Embryo ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Chondrogenic Potential ◽  
Membrane Bone ◽  
Periosteal Cells

In the avian embryo ectomesenchyme cells, derived from the mesencephalic level of the cranial neural crest, migrate into the presumptive maxillary region and subsequently differentiateinto the membrane bones and associated secondary cartilage of the upper jaw skeleton. The cartilage arises secondarily within the periosteum at points of articulation between membrane bones and provides an embryonic articulating surface. The stimulus for the differentiation of secondary cartilage is believed to be intermittent pressure and shear created at the developing embryonic movement. The development of one such system - the quadratojugal, has been analysed using organ and explant culture techniques and studied with particular reference to the differentiation of periosteal cells into secondary cartilage. A number of conclusions were reached. (1) Normally only cells at discrete loci express a chondrogenic potential ,in vivo: the periosteal cells at these sites of future articulation become committed to chondrogenesis during stage 35, more than 24 h before cartilage is identifiable ,in vivo. (2) However, cells with a ‘latent’ chondrogenic potential are widespread in membrane bone periosteum and occur over most, if not all, of the surface area of the bone. This potential is expressed in the ‘permissive’ environment created by submersion of the tissue in explant culture or in submerged organ culture. (3) This chondrogenic potential exists long before the time at which commitment of cartilage-forming cells occurs and even presumptive maxillary ectomesenchyme at stage 29 has a limited ability to form cartilage ,in vitro. It is suggested that spatial position is a principal factor controlling the differentiation of secondary cartilage. Ectomesenchyme cells with the potential to form secondary cartilage are widespread but it is only those cells whose migration from the neural crest positions them and their progeny at the site of a presumptive joint which subsequently express this potential. This epigenetic interpretation is discussed in the general context of development mechanisms underlying the spatial and temporal patterns in which neural crest-derived cells differentiate to produce bone and cartilage during the formation of the head skeleton.

Inhibition of membrane bone formation by vitamin A in the embryonic chick mandible

1986 ◽  
Vol 214 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary S. Tyler ◽  
Rachel A. Dewitt-Stott
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Bone Formation ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Membrane Bone

The induction of neural crest-derived cartilage and bone by embryonic epithelia: an analysis of the mode of action of an epithelialmesenchymal interaction

Development ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 305-320
Author(s):  
Brian K. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Bone Formation ◽  
Neural Crest ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Chorioallantoic Membrane ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Membrane Bone ◽  
Trunk Neural Crest ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Induce Bone Formation

The formation of membrane bone from neural crest-derived mesenchyme of the maxillary and mandibular processes of the embryonic chick depends upon prior interactions between the mesenchyme and maxillary or mandibular epithelia. The present study explores the specificity of these interactions using tissue recombinations between heterotypic epithelia and mesenchyme. Mandibular and maxillary mesenchyme responded to maxillary and mandibular epithelia by forming bone. A third osteogenically inductive epithelium, the scleral epithelium with its specialized scleral papillae, also allowed mandibular mesenchyme to form bone, indicating that mesenchyme can form bone in response to osteogenic epithelia other than its own. Epithelia which normally do not induce membrane bone formation in situ (wing and leg bud, back and abdominal epithelia) also allowed mandibular epithelia to ossify as did mandibular epithelia from the 10-day-old foetal mouse. Thus this tissue interaction is neither site nor species specific. Mandibular epithelium allowed bone to form in osteogenic mesenchyme from the maxilla and the sclera of the chick and from the mouse mandible but would not induce bone formation from normally non-osteogenic mesenchyme of the limb buds, chorioallantoic membrane or trunk neural crest. The results obtained with all of the tissue recombinations were consistent with the epithelial- mesenchyme interactions that initiate osteogenesis in both the mandibular and the maxillary processes being permissive interactions. The distinction between permissive and instructive interactions is discussed.

The use of variable lactate/malic dehydrogenase ratios to distinguish between progenitor cells of cartilage and bone in the embryonic chick

Development ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-313
Author(s):  
P. V. Thorogood ◽  
Brian K. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Anaerobic Metabolism ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Malic Dehydrogenase ◽  
Membrane Bone ◽  
Chondrogenic Progenitor Cells ◽  
First Time

The activities of LDH and MDH have been studied, both in differentiated cartilage and bone from the embryonic chick, and in the pool of mixed osteogenic and chondrogenic stem cells found on the quadratojugal, a membrane bone. In confirmation of the model proposed by Reddi & Huggins (1971) we found that the LDH/MDH ratio was greater than 1 in cartilage and less than 1 in bone. Furthermore we established, for the first time, that ratios occurred in the chondrogenic and osteogenic stem cells, similar to the ratios in their differentiated counterparts. Alterations in LDH/MDH resulted from variations in the level of LDH/µg protein. MDH/µg protein remained constant, even when LDH/MDH was changing. We interpret these results in terms of adaptation of chondrogenic progenitor cells for anaerobic metabolism and anticipate that our model will be applicable to other skeletal systems where stem cells are being studied.

Dexamethasone Effect on Embryonic Chick Respiratory Epithelium

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 248-249
Author(s):  
M.R. Richter ◽  
R.V. Blystone
Keyword(s):  
Lung Development ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Respiratory Epithelium ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
White Leghorn ◽  
Lung Maturation ◽  
Synthetic Analogs ◽  
Lung Physiology ◽  
Avian Lung

Dexamethasone and other synthetic analogs of corticosteroids have been employed clinically as enhancers of lung development. The mechanism(s) by which this steroid induction of later lung maturation operates is not clear. This study reports the effect on lung epithelia of dexamethasone administered at different intervals during development. White Leghorn chick embryos were used so as to remove possible maternal and placental influences on the exogenously applied steroid. Avian lung architecture does vary from mammals; however, respiratory surfactant produced by the lung epithelia serves an equally critical role in avian lung physiology.

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