The role of movement and tissue interactions in the development and growth of bone and secondary cartilage in the clavicle of the embryonic chick

Development ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-152
Author(s):  
Brian K. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Histological Study ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Intramembranous Ossification ◽  
Tissue Interactions ◽  
Membrane Bone ◽  
Periosteal Cells ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Biomechanical Factors

There has been debate in the literature concerning whether the clavicle arises by intramembranous ossification, i.e. is a membrane bone, and whether secondary cartilage develops from its periosteal cells. A histological study of carefully staged embryos revealed that preclavicular mesenchyme undergoes condensation at H. H. stage 31–32, bone forms by H. H. stage 33 and that a transitory secondary cartilage appears late in H. H. stage 35, only to disappear by H. H. stage 36. Except for the transitory nature of the secondary cartilage, this histogenetic sequence is as seen in craniofacial membrane bones. Enzymic removal of the epithelium overlying clavicular mesenchyme from embryos of H. H. stages 26–34 and chorioallantoic grafting of the isolated mesenchyme, revealed an epithelial requirement for initiation of intramembranous ossification during H.H. stages 26–29, again similar to initiation of craniofacial osteogenesis. Secondary chondrogenesis was initiated neither in embryos paralysed with decamethonium iodide nor when clavicular mesenchyme (H.H. stages 29–33·5) was grafted to the chorioallantoic membranes of paralysed embryos, but did form in a small percentage (16–23 %) of clavicles grafted to the membranes of mobile embryos. Failure of chondrogenesis in the former was attributed to a requirement for movement as a proximate chondrogenic stimulus and the low incidence of chondrogenesis in the latter to the stimulus provided by amniotic movements which persist in paralysed embryos. Secondary cartilage did form when clavicles were organ cultured, either submerged, or at the air-medium interface. This stands in contrast to craniofacial membrane bone such as the quadratojugal, which only forms secondary cartilage in vitro when cultured submerged. Growth of the clavicle was shown to increase 53-fold between 10 and 11 days of incubation, an increase which was diminished but not eliminated in paralysed embryos, and which correlated closely with the dramatic increase in embryonic movement which occurs between 10 and 11 days of incubation. Thus, the clavicle of the embryonic chick shares all of the features and epigenetic requirements of the craniofacial membrane bones, but is more dependent upon biomechanical factors for its growth.

Development of the iris in the chicken embryo

Development ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-183
Author(s):  
Patricia A. Ferrari ◽  
William E. Koch
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Chicken Embryo ◽  
Muscle Differentiation ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Tissue Interactions ◽  
Morphological Organization ◽  
Chicken Muscle ◽  
Muscle Myosin

The developmental capabilities of the iris rudiment in the chicken embryo, as well as the role of tissue interactions in the differentiation of the iris, were investigated in vitro. Sectors of the intact iris from 7½- through 9-day embryos (stages 32 through 35) lost their morphological organization in vitro, but were capable of normal histodifferentiation. The pigmentation of the epithelium increased, and muscle differentiation occurred. Developing muscle was identified using immunocytochemistry with antiserum against chicken muscle myosin; this procedure permitted positive identification of myoblasts, myotubes, and muscle fibres in cultures in which histological features alone were equivocal. The proportion of irideal explants which developed muscle increased with the age of the embryo, and correlated with the incidence of epithelial buds and epithelial cells in the stroma. Irideal mesenchyme from stage-32 through stage-35 embryos was already populated with stromal epithelial cells when isolated, but growth and muscle differentiation in these cultures compared poorly with that in the intact iris in vitro. Isolated irideal epithelium (stages 32 through 37) demonstrated even more limited muscle differentiation in vitro, suggesting reciprocal interaction between irideal epithelium and mesenchyme during development. Irideal epithelium was also cultured in direct association with non-irideal mesenchyme from various embryonic organ rudiments, but muscle differentiation was not enhanced.

Epithelial—mesenchymal tissue interactions guiding otic capsule formation: the role of the otocyst

Development ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Joseph R. McPhee ◽  
Thomas R. Van De Water
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Embryo ◽  
Mouse Embryos ◽  
In Vitro Studies ◽  
Otic Capsule ◽  
Membranous Labyrinth ◽  
Capsule Formation ◽  
Tissue Interactions ◽  
Mesenchymal Tissue

The otocyst is the epithelial anlage of the membranous labyrinth which interacts with surrounding cephalic mesenchyme to form an otic capsule. A series of in vitro studies was performed to gain a better understanding of the epithelial—mesenchymal interactions involved in this process. Parallel series of otocyst/mesenchyme (O/M) and isolated periotic mesenchyme (M) explants provided morphological and biochemical data to define the role of the otocyst in organizing and directing formation of its cartilaginous otic capsule. Explants were made from mouse embryos ranging in age from 10 to 14 days of gestation, and organ cultured under identical conditions until the chronological equivalent of 16 days of gestation. Expression of chrondrogenesis was determined by both histology and biochemistry. The in vitro behaviour of periotic mesenchyme explanted either with or without an otocyst supports several hypotheses that explain aspects of otic capsule development. The results indicate that (a) prior to embryonic day 12 the otocyst alone is not sufficient to stimulate chondrogenesis of the otic capsule within O/M explants; (b) the otocyst acts as an inductor of capsule chondrogenesis within O/M explants between embryonic days 12 to 13; (c) isolated mesenchyme within M explants taken from 13-day-old embryos are capable of initiating in vitro chondrogenesis, but without expressing capsule morphology in the absence of the otocyst; and (d) the isolated mesenchyme of M explants obtained from 14-day-old embryos expresses both chondrogenesis and otic capsule morphology in the absence of the otocyst. These findings suggest that the otocyst acts as an inductor of chondrogenesis of periotic mesenchyme tissue between embryonic days 11 to 13, and controls capsular morphogenesis between embryonic days 13 to 14 in the mouse embryo.

In vitro studies on skeletogenic potential of membrane bone periosteal cells

Development ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-207
Author(s):  
Peter Thorogood
Keyword(s):  
Neural Crest ◽  
Explant Culture ◽  
General Context ◽  
Avian Embryo ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Chondrogenic Potential ◽  
Membrane Bone ◽  
Periosteal Cells

In the avian embryo ectomesenchyme cells, derived from the mesencephalic level of the cranial neural crest, migrate into the presumptive maxillary region and subsequently differentiateinto the membrane bones and associated secondary cartilage of the upper jaw skeleton. The cartilage arises secondarily within the periosteum at points of articulation between membrane bones and provides an embryonic articulating surface. The stimulus for the differentiation of secondary cartilage is believed to be intermittent pressure and shear created at the developing embryonic movement. The development of one such system - the quadratojugal, has been analysed using organ and explant culture techniques and studied with particular reference to the differentiation of periosteal cells into secondary cartilage. A number of conclusions were reached. (1) Normally only cells at discrete loci express a chondrogenic potential ,in vivo: the periosteal cells at these sites of future articulation become committed to chondrogenesis during stage 35, more than 24 h before cartilage is identifiable ,in vivo. (2) However, cells with a ‘latent’ chondrogenic potential are widespread in membrane bone periosteum and occur over most, if not all, of the surface area of the bone. This potential is expressed in the ‘permissive’ environment created by submersion of the tissue in explant culture or in submerged organ culture. (3) This chondrogenic potential exists long before the time at which commitment of cartilage-forming cells occurs and even presumptive maxillary ectomesenchyme at stage 29 has a limited ability to form cartilage ,in vitro. It is suggested that spatial position is a principal factor controlling the differentiation of secondary cartilage. Ectomesenchyme cells with the potential to form secondary cartilage are widespread but it is only those cells whose migration from the neural crest positions them and their progeny at the site of a presumptive joint which subsequently express this potential. This epigenetic interpretation is discussed in the general context of development mechanisms underlying the spatial and temporal patterns in which neural crest-derived cells differentiate to produce bone and cartilage during the formation of the head skeleton.

scholarly journals Dual neutralisation of IL-17F and IL-17A with bimekizumab blocks inflammation-driven osteogenic differentiation of human periosteal cells

RMD Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. e001306
Author(s):  
Mittal Shah ◽  
Asher Maroof ◽  
Panos Gikas ◽  
Gayatri Mittal ◽  
Richard Keen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Bone Formation ◽  
Osteogenic Differentiation ◽  
T Helper ◽  
T Helper 17 ◽  
Periosteal Cells ◽  
Dual Inhibition ◽  
First Time

ObjectivesInterleukin (IL)-17 signalling has been shown to be a key regulator of disease in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) with several IL-17 blockers currently clinically approved. Despite this, the role of IL-17 in bone pathology is poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate IL-17 signalling in the context of pathological bone formation.MethodsA biomimetic human periosteum-derived cell (hPDC) model of osteogenic differentiation was used in combination with recombinant IL-17 cytokines, T-cell supernatants or serum from patients with AS. IL-17A, IL-17F and bimekizumab monoclonal antibodies were used to block IL-17 cytokine action.ResultsRecombinant IL-17A and IL-17F are pro-osteogenic with respect to hPDC differentiation. T helper 17 or γδ-T cell supernatants also potently stimulated in vitro bone formation, which was blocked deeper by dual inhibition of IL-17A and IL-17F than by neutralisation of IL-17A or IL-17F individually. Osteogenic blockade may be due to an increase in expression of the Wnt antagonist DKK1. Interestingly, osteocommitment was also induced by serum obtained from patients with AS, which was also abrogated by dual neutralisation of IL-17A and IL-17F.ConclusionsThese data show for the first time that IL-17A and IL-17F enhance in vitro osteogenic differentiation and bone formation from hPDCs, inhibition of which may offer an attractive therapeutic strategy to prevent pathological bone formation.

scholarly journals Post-translational processing of chicken bone phosphoproteins. Identification of bone (phospho)protein kinase

1990 ◽  
Vol 268 (3) ◽  
pp. 593-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Mikuni-Takagaki ◽  
M J Glimcher
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel ◽  
Catalytic Subunit ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Chick Tibia

We have detected a protein kinase which phosphorylates bone phosphoproteins (BPPs) in the detergent extract of the membranous fractions in the periosteal bone strips of 12-day-embryonic-chick tibia. This enzyme, tentatively named BPP kinase, has a catalytic subunit of Mr approximately 39,000, utilizes GTP as well as ATP as a phospho-group donor, is inhibited by 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate and heparin, and is therefore similar to casein kinase II. The enzyme can phosphorylate dephosphorylated proteins such as casein, phosvitin and chicken BPPs, but the last-named are preferred substrates. The in vitro-phosphorylation-assay products of this enzyme in the extract were indistinguishable on an SDS/polyacrylamide gel from the major [32P]phosphoproteins metabolically labelled in the embryonic-chick bone tissue. The regulatory mechanisms of the phosphorylation process of BPPs by BPP kinase as well as the potential role of this enzyme in mineralization are discussed.

scholarly journals Sirtuin 3 deficiency does not impede digit regeneration in mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Busse ◽  
Jennifer Simkin ◽  
Luis Marrero ◽  
Kennon Stewart ◽  
Regina Brunauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Production ◽  
Sirtuin 3 ◽  
Regenerative Capacity ◽  
Soft Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Bone Injury ◽  
Periosteal Cells ◽  
Deficient Mice

Abstract The mitochondrial deacetylase sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) is thought to be one of the main contributors to metabolic flexibility–promoting mitochondrial energy production and maintaining homeostasis. In bone, metabolic profiles are tightly regulated and the loss of SIRT3 has deleterious effects on bone volume in vivo and on osteoblast differentiation in vitro. Despite the prominent role of this protein in bone stem cell proliferation, metabolic activity, and differentiation, the importance of SIRT3 for regeneration after bone injury has never been reported. We show here, using the mouse digit amputation model, that SIRT3 deficiency has no impact on the regenerative capacity and architecture of bone and soft tissue. Regeneration occurs in SIRT3 deficient mice in spite of the reduced oxidative metabolic profile of the periosteal cells. These data suggest that bone regeneration, in contrast to homeostatic bone turnover, is not reliant upon active SIRT3, and our results highlight the need to examine known roles of SIRT3 in the context of injury.

scholarly journals FGF2 promotes skeletogenic differentiation of cranial neural crest cells

Development ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 128 (11) ◽  
pp. 2143-2152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjukta Sarkar ◽  
Anita Petiot ◽  
Andrew Copp ◽  
Patrizia Ferretti ◽  
Peter Thorogood
Keyword(s):  
Neural Crest ◽  
Neural Crest Cells ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Cranial Neural Crest ◽  
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors ◽  
Tissue Interactions ◽  
Membrane Bone ◽  
Cartilage Differentiation ◽  
Cranial Neural Crest Cells

The cranial neural crest gives rise to most of the skeletal tissues of the skull. Matrix-mediated tissue interactions have been implicated in the skeletogenic differentiation of crest cells, but little is known of the role that growth factors might play in this process. The discovery that mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) cause the major craniosynostosis syndromes implicates FGF-mediated signalling in the skeletogenic differentiation of the cranial neural crest. We now show that, in vitro, mesencephalic neural crest cells respond to exogenous FGF2 in a dose-dependent manner, with 0.1 and 1 ng/ml causing enhanced proliferation, and 10 ng/ml inducing cartilage differentiation. In longer-term cultures, both endochondral and membrane bone are formed. FGFR1, FGFR2 and FGFR3 are all detectable by immunohistochemistry in the mesencephalic region, with particularly intense expression at the apices of the neural folds from which the neural crest arises. FGFRs are also expressed by subpopulations of neural crest cells in culture. Collectively, these findings suggest that FGFs are involved in the skeletogenic differentiation of the cranial neural crest.

Biomechanichal Comparison of Multilevel Cervical Laminectomy and Spinous Process Splitting Laminoplasty With or Without Hydroxyapatite Spinous Process Spacers

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinichiro Kubo ◽  
Vijay K. Goel ◽  
Yang S. Jo ◽  
Kim J. Hyun ◽  
Naoya Tajima
Keyword(s):  
Spinous Process ◽  
Adjacent Segment Degeneration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Adjacent Segment ◽  
Segmental Instability ◽  
In Vitro Investigation ◽  
Multilevel Cervical Myelopathy ◽  
Biomechanical Factors

Abstract Laminoplasty or laminectomy may is used for the treatment of multilevel cervical myelopathy. However, it has been shown that multilevel laminectomies can lead to segmental instability, kyphosis, perrineural adhesions and late neurological deterioration. [1–4] On the other hand, laminoplasty, seems to preserve motion, and reduces adjacent segment degeneration in a patient. [5–7] The role of biomechanical factors in the differences in outcome for the two procedures is not fully delineated. Our hypothesis is that laminoplasty procedure does not lead to an increase in motion while laminectomy does. An in vitro investigation was undertaken to test this hypothesis.

The role of silicon in forages: A quantitative X-Ray study

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 416-417
Author(s):  
Janet H. Woodward ◽  
D. E. Akin
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Acetate Buffer ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Sodium Acetate Buffer ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Percent Composition

Silicon (Si) is distributed throughout plant tissues, but its role in forages has not been clarified. Although Si has been suggested as an antiquality factor which limits the digestibility of structural carbohydrates, other research indicates that its presence in plants does not affect digestibility. We employed x-ray microanalysis to evaluate Si as an antiquality factor at specific sites of two cultivars of bermuda grass (Cynodon dactvlon (L.) Pers.). “Coastal” and “Tifton-78” were chosen for this study because previous work in our lab has shown that, although these two grasses are similar ultrastructurally, they differ in in vitro dry matter digestibility and in percent composition of Si.Two millimeter leaf sections of Tifton-7 8 (Tift-7 8) and Coastal (CBG) were incubated for 72 hr in 2.5% (w/v) cellulase in 0.05 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.0. For controls, sections were incubated in the sodium acetate buffer or were not treated.

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