Epithelial influences on membrane bone formation in the maxilla of the embryonic chick

1978 ◽  
Vol 192 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary S. Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Bone Formation ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Membrane Bone

The genesis of membrane bone in the embryonic chick maxilla: epithelial-mesenchymal tissue recombination studies

Development ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-281
Author(s):  
Mary S. Tyler ◽  
David P. McCobb
Keyword(s):  
Bone Formation ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Bone Grafts ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Limb Buds ◽  
Mesenchymal Tissue ◽  
Membrane Bone ◽  
Tissue Recombination

In the present study, the question of whether a relatively non-specific epithelial requirement exists for membrane bone formation within the maxillary mesenchyme was investigated. Organ rudiments from embryonic chicks of three to five days of incubation (HH 18–25) were enzymatically separated into the epithelial and mesenchymal components. Maxillarymesenchyme (from embryos HH 18–19) which in the absence of epithelium will not form bone was recombined with epithelium from maxillae of similarly aged embryos (homotypichomochronic recombination) and of older embryos (HH 25) (homotypic-heterochronicrecombination). Heterotypic recombinations were made between maxillary mesenchyme (HH 18–19) and the epithelium from wing and hind-limb buds (HH 19–22). Recombinants were grown as grafts on thechorioallantoic membranes of host chick embryos. Grafts of intact maxillae, isolated maxillary mesenchyme, and isolated epithelia from the maxilla, wing-, and hind-limb buds weregrown as controls. The histodifferentiation of grafted intact maxillae was similar to that in vivo; both cartilage and membrane bone differentiated within the mesenchyme. Grafts of maxillary mesenchyme (from embryos HH 18–19) grown in the absence of epithelium formed cartilage but did not form membrane bone. Grafts of maxillary mesenchyme (from embryos HH 18–19) recombined with epithelium in homotypichomochronic, homotypic-heterochronic, and heterotypic tissue combinations formed membrane bone in addition to cartilage. These results indicate that maxillary mesenchyme requires the presence of epithelium to promote osteogenesis and that this epithelial requirement is relatively non-specific in terms of type and age of epithelium.

Inhibition of membrane bone formation by vitamin A in the embryonic chick mandible

1986 ◽  
Vol 214 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary S. Tyler ◽  
Rachel A. Dewitt-Stott
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Bone Formation ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Membrane Bone

The induction of neural crest-derived cartilage and bone by embryonic epithelia: an analysis of the mode of action of an epithelialmesenchymal interaction

Development ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 305-320
Author(s):  
Brian K. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Bone Formation ◽  
Neural Crest ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Chorioallantoic Membrane ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Membrane Bone ◽  
Trunk Neural Crest ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Induce Bone Formation

The formation of membrane bone from neural crest-derived mesenchyme of the maxillary and mandibular processes of the embryonic chick depends upon prior interactions between the mesenchyme and maxillary or mandibular epithelia. The present study explores the specificity of these interactions using tissue recombinations between heterotypic epithelia and mesenchyme. Mandibular and maxillary mesenchyme responded to maxillary and mandibular epithelia by forming bone. A third osteogenically inductive epithelium, the scleral epithelium with its specialized scleral papillae, also allowed mandibular mesenchyme to form bone, indicating that mesenchyme can form bone in response to osteogenic epithelia other than its own. Epithelia which normally do not induce membrane bone formation in situ (wing and leg bud, back and abdominal epithelia) also allowed mandibular epithelia to ossify as did mandibular epithelia from the 10-day-old foetal mouse. Thus this tissue interaction is neither site nor species specific. Mandibular epithelium allowed bone to form in osteogenic mesenchyme from the maxilla and the sclera of the chick and from the mouse mandible but would not induce bone formation from normally non-osteogenic mesenchyme of the limb buds, chorioallantoic membrane or trunk neural crest. The results obtained with all of the tissue recombinations were consistent with the epithelial- mesenchyme interactions that initiate osteogenesis in both the mandibular and the maxillary processes being permissive interactions. The distinction between permissive and instructive interactions is discussed.

Morphological and histochemical events during first bone formation in embryonic chick limbs

Bone ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 441-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.G. Pechak ◽  
M.J. Kujawa ◽  
A.I. Caplan
Keyword(s):  
Bone Formation ◽  
Embryonic Chick

Adventitious (Secondary) cartilage in the chick, and the development of certain bones and articulation in the chick skull.

1963 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 368 ◽  
Author(s):  
PDF Murray
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Bone Formation ◽  
Hyaline Cartilage ◽  
Meckel's Cartilage ◽  
Meckel’S Cartilage ◽  
Membrane Bone ◽  
Direct Association ◽  
Fibrous Membranes ◽  
Germinal Cells

The development of a number of articulations in the chick embryo skull, and of adventitious (secondary) cartilages associated with them, is described. The cells of the adventitious cartilages differed from the hyaline cartilage of the chondrocranium in being encapsulated and rapidly becoming hypertrophic. In every case but one the adventitious cartilage was formed in direct association with an articulation. The articulations may have articular cavities (quadrate-quadratojugal; quadratepterygoid; pterygoid-cranium; squamosal-quadrate) or be without these (squamosalotic capsule; pterygoid-palatine; surangular- and angular-Meckel's cartilage). The adventitious cartilage developed in "germinal cells" which, immediately before the onset of chondrification, had been engaged in ossification. Later, the same group of cells often reverted to bone formation, and the adventitious cartilage became partly covered by bone. Where there were articular cavities, fibrous membranes lining the articulations appeared on each side of the cavity and these usually became fibrocartilaginous. These membranes continued into the fibrous layers of the periostea of the elements concerned, while the germinal cells from which the adventitious cartilages were formed became cambial layers continuous with the cambial layers of the periostea. Movement, and mechanical strains resulting from the action of muscles, is obvious at articulations having articular cavities. In those lacking articular cavities, the anatomy of the muscles makes it extremely probable that the site on the membrane bone is pulled upon, or moved against, the cartilage with which the articulation is made. The facts of the development of adventitious cartilage, and of the anatomy of the musculature, are in harmony with the hypothesis that the change in morphogenetic direction of the germinal cells, from osteogenesis to chondrogenesis, is mechanically induced.

The role of movement and tissue interactions in the development and growth of bone and secondary cartilage in the clavicle of the embryonic chick

Development ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-152
Author(s):  
Brian K. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Histological Study ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Intramembranous Ossification ◽  
Tissue Interactions ◽  
Membrane Bone ◽  
Periosteal Cells ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Biomechanical Factors

There has been debate in the literature concerning whether the clavicle arises by intramembranous ossification, i.e. is a membrane bone, and whether secondary cartilage develops from its periosteal cells. A histological study of carefully staged embryos revealed that preclavicular mesenchyme undergoes condensation at H. H. stage 31–32, bone forms by H. H. stage 33 and that a transitory secondary cartilage appears late in H. H. stage 35, only to disappear by H. H. stage 36. Except for the transitory nature of the secondary cartilage, this histogenetic sequence is as seen in craniofacial membrane bones. Enzymic removal of the epithelium overlying clavicular mesenchyme from embryos of H. H. stages 26–34 and chorioallantoic grafting of the isolated mesenchyme, revealed an epithelial requirement for initiation of intramembranous ossification during H.H. stages 26–29, again similar to initiation of craniofacial osteogenesis. Secondary chondrogenesis was initiated neither in embryos paralysed with decamethonium iodide nor when clavicular mesenchyme (H.H. stages 29–33·5) was grafted to the chorioallantoic membranes of paralysed embryos, but did form in a small percentage (16–23 %) of clavicles grafted to the membranes of mobile embryos. Failure of chondrogenesis in the former was attributed to a requirement for movement as a proximate chondrogenic stimulus and the low incidence of chondrogenesis in the latter to the stimulus provided by amniotic movements which persist in paralysed embryos. Secondary cartilage did form when clavicles were organ cultured, either submerged, or at the air-medium interface. This stands in contrast to craniofacial membrane bone such as the quadratojugal, which only forms secondary cartilage in vitro when cultured submerged. Growth of the clavicle was shown to increase 53-fold between 10 and 11 days of incubation, an increase which was diminished but not eliminated in paralysed embryos, and which correlated closely with the dramatic increase in embryonic movement which occurs between 10 and 11 days of incubation. Thus, the clavicle of the embryonic chick shares all of the features and epigenetic requirements of the craniofacial membrane bones, but is more dependent upon biomechanical factors for its growth.

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