Behaviour of components of an ethylene dibromide-methyl bromide mixture during fumigation of flour

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Heuser
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Ethylene Dibromide

Inorganic bromide residue in bananas, bell capsicums (sweet peppers), cherries and apples following fumigation with ethylene dibromide and methyl bromide

1976 ◽  
Vol 16 (82) ◽  
pp. 780 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Singh ◽  
LE Rippon ◽  
WS Gilbert ◽  
BL Wild
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Medical Research Council ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
The United States ◽  
Maximum Residue Limit ◽  
Ethylene Dibromide ◽  
Light Brown Apple Moth ◽  
United States Food ◽  
States Food

Inorganic bromide residues were evaluated from fumigation schedules available in Australia for use against Queensland fruit fly, Dacus tryoni (Froggatt) and light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) in fruit and vegetables. Capsicums were fumigated for two hours at 20�C with 22 g m-3 ethylene dibromide (EDB). Bromide residues (40-45 �g g-1) were in excess of the maximum residue limit of 10 �g g-1 of the United States Food and Drug Administration (U.S.F.D.A.) and the current 20 �g g-1 recommendation of the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (N.H.M.R.C.). Bananas were fumigated with dosages of 10, 12 and 14 g m-3 EDB for two hours at 20�C. Bromide residues increased with increasing dosages, and ranged from 11.7 to 15.6 �g g-1. Residues were within the recommended 20 �g g-1 limit of the N.H.M.R.C., but exceeded the 10 �g g-1 limit of the U.S.F.D.A. Cherries were fumigated for two hours at 15�C with 24 and 48 g m-3 methyl bromide (MB). Bromide residues (up to 8 �g g-1) were well within the 20 �g g-1 N.H.M.R.C. and U.S.F.D.A. limits. Apples were fumigated for two hours at 15�C with 24 g MB m-3 and at 7�C with 32 g MB m-3. Residues approximated or were less than the 5 �g g-1 limit of the U.S.F.D.A. and considerably lower than the 20 �g g-1 N.H.M.R.C. recommendation.

A Review of Bromine Determination in Foods

1975 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 711-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milton E Getzendaner
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Activation Analysis ◽  
Activation Analysis ◽  
Neutron Activation ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Ethylene Dibromide ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Instrumental Methods ◽  
Bromine Determination

Abstract Organic compounds containing bromine, including methyl bromide, ethylene dibromide, and l,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, have been used extensively for the fumigation of foods, or soils in which foods grow, making it necessary to determine residues of bromine and bromine-containing organic compounds. A large number of methods for the determination of bromine in foods, as organic, inorganic, and combined total bromide, have been developed. In methods for organic bromide, the bromine is converted to the inorganic form for measurement by titration, photometry, or other means. In recent years, instrumental methods have been developed in which the total bromine in the sample is determined, regardless of the state in which it exists. X-ray fluorescence and neutron activation analysis are the 2 instrumental methods used most widely. Residue data are presented for some typical bromine-containing samples.

Photoabsorption spectra of gaseous methyl bromide, ethylene dibromide, nitrosyl bromide, thionyl chloride, and sulfuryl chloride

1978 ◽  
Vol 82 (20) ◽  
pp. 2252-2257 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Uthman ◽  
P. J. Demlein ◽  
T. D. Allston ◽  
M. C. Withiam ◽  
M. J. McClements ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thionyl Chloride ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Sulfuryl Chloride ◽  
Ethylene Dibromide

MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE ACTION OF SOME SELECTED SOIL FUMIGANTS

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. Wensley
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Population Trends ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Ethylene Dibromide ◽  
Biological Basis ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Soil Fumigants

Microbiological studies involving the use of three soil fumigants, methyl bromide, a propane–propene mixture, and ethylene dibromide, established a biological basis for the evaluation of soil fumigants as fungicides, bactericides, and actinomycides and provided quantitative and qualitative data from which the efficacy of each fumigant was rated as high, medium, low, and poor in each capacity and permitted a study of the significance of population trends. Due emphasis was placed on the two factors, concentration of the fumigant and the period of confined exposure, by determining the value of each factor required to produce, under controlled conditions of temperature and soil moisture, a 90% reduction in numbers of each microbiological group. Methyl bromide proved to be the most effective fumigant in all three capacities while ethylene dibromide formulations were least effective. The concentrations of, and exposure periods to, ethylene dibromide and the propane–propene mixture required to give satisfactory reduction of the three microbiological populations are considered high and neither fumigant is recommended as a fungicide, bactericide, or actinomycide. However, ethylene dibromide proved to be more effective than methyl bromide against root-knot nematodes and is recommended for use in this capacity. Soil fumigation effectively altered the microbiological balance in favor of fungi that were normally suppressed by a predominance of aspergilli and penicillia. Of four physiological groups of bacteria studied, nitrifiers and cellulose decomposers were most severely reduced in numbers by methyl bromide fumigation. The actinomycetes showed a greater tolerance of fumigation than either the fungi or bacteria.

Analysis of Grains for Multiple Residues of Organic Fumigants

1969 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 800-805
Author(s):  
Bernadette Malone
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Electron Capture ◽  
Carbon Disulfide ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Steam Distillation ◽  
Acid Reflux ◽  
Ethylene Dichloride ◽  
Ethylene Dibromide

Abstract A sweep co-distillation procedure, a published steam distillation procedure, and an adaptation of an established acid reflux procedure for isolating fumigant residues were compared. Residues were detectable by electron capture gas chromatography at levels approaching or surpassing 0.1 ppm. Fumigants used were carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulfide, ethylene dichloride, ethylene dibromide, methyl bromide, and chloroform. Comparison of the three methods, using the same detection for all, showed that acid reflux was the most promising procedure for recovering added fumigants from grain and extracting fumigation residues. This procedure should be further refined.

Method for Determining Multiple Residues of Organic Fumigants in Cereal Grains

1970 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 742-746
Author(s):  
Bernadette Malone
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Acid Medium ◽  
Electron Capture ◽  
Carbon Disulfide ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Ethylene Dichloride ◽  
Ethylene Dibromide ◽  
Solvent Residues

Abstract A method is described for determination of residues of the fumigants methyl bromide, carbon disulfide, chloroform, ethylene dichloride, carbon tetrachloride, and ethylene dibromide in cereal grains. Whole or ground grain is boiled in an acid medium, and the volatile fumigants are dried and collected in cold solvent. Residues are determined by analyzing aliquots of the collected solution by electron capture GLC. Recoveries range from 59 to 105%. Extraction appears to be complete in the 2 hr boiling period specified. An unexplained conversion of carbon tetrachloride to chloroform is described.

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