MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE ACTION OF SOME SELECTED SOIL FUMIGANTS

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. Wensley
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Population Trends ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Ethylene Dibromide ◽  
Biological Basis ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Soil Fumigants

Microbiological studies involving the use of three soil fumigants, methyl bromide, a propane–propene mixture, and ethylene dibromide, established a biological basis for the evaluation of soil fumigants as fungicides, bactericides, and actinomycides and provided quantitative and qualitative data from which the efficacy of each fumigant was rated as high, medium, low, and poor in each capacity and permitted a study of the significance of population trends. Due emphasis was placed on the two factors, concentration of the fumigant and the period of confined exposure, by determining the value of each factor required to produce, under controlled conditions of temperature and soil moisture, a 90% reduction in numbers of each microbiological group. Methyl bromide proved to be the most effective fumigant in all three capacities while ethylene dibromide formulations were least effective. The concentrations of, and exposure periods to, ethylene dibromide and the propane–propene mixture required to give satisfactory reduction of the three microbiological populations are considered high and neither fumigant is recommended as a fungicide, bactericide, or actinomycide. However, ethylene dibromide proved to be more effective than methyl bromide against root-knot nematodes and is recommended for use in this capacity. Soil fumigation effectively altered the microbiological balance in favor of fungi that were normally suppressed by a predominance of aspergilli and penicillia. Of four physiological groups of bacteria studied, nitrifiers and cellulose decomposers were most severely reduced in numbers by methyl bromide fumigation. The actinomycetes showed a greater tolerance of fumigation than either the fungi or bacteria.

Control of Canada Thistle by Soil Fumigation without Tarpaulins

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Ogg
Keyword(s):  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Ethylene Dibromide ◽  
Excellent Control ◽  
Degree Of Control ◽  
Soil Fumigants

Three years of field experiments showed that Canada thistle. [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.] could be controlled with deeply injected soil fumigants without covering the soil with a tarpaulin. The degree of control depended on the kind of fumigant, the rate of application, and the depth of injection. Weed control with fumigants usually improved as the rate of application and depth of injection increased. The most effective treatment was 1,3-dichloropropene at 560 kg/ha injected to a depth of 46 cm. Good to excellent control of Canada thistle was also obtained with 1,3-dichloropropene at 280 kg/ha injected either 23 or 46 cm and ethylene dibromide at 160 kg/ha and chloropicrin + ethylene dibromide at 20 + 55 kg/ha injected at 46 cm. Results with ethylene dibromide and chloropicrin + ethylene dibromide were more erratic than with 1,3-dichloropropene. Increasing the percentage of chloropicrin in the combination reduced the control of Canada thistle.

scholarly journals Control of Damping-off of Tobacco in Seedbeds by the Use of Gaseous Soil Fumigants

1969 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-66
Author(s):  
R. H. Segall ◽  
L. López-Matos
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Soil Fumigant ◽  
Fungicide Application ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
Soil Fumigants ◽  
Critical Timing

The gaseous soil fumigants, methyl bromide and chloropicrin aerosol, have the following advantages for tobacco seedbeds: 1. They are more effective in the control of damping-off in Puerto Rico than fungicides previously recommended. 2. Their herbicidal properties eliminate the need for handweeding, an expensive and time-consuming operation. 3. Only one application is needed, and this is made before seeding the tobacco, thus eliminating the critical timing required for fungicide application. The emergence of seedlings was higher in beds treated with the soil fumigant. This increased emergence probably occurred because pre-emergence damping-off was controlled, and no hand-weeding was necessary, so that no seedlings were destroyed in the process of hand-weeding. The expense of the soil-fumigation method is greater than that of the fungicide drench. In addition to the fumigant it is necessary to purchase an applicator and gasproof covers. However, the gaseous soil-fumigation treatment eliminates the need for hand-weeding and gives better control of damping-off. Therefore the soil-fumigation method could be economically feasible.

scholarly journals Chemical Alternatives to Methyl Bromide in Spanish Strawberry Nurseries

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. De Cal ◽  
A. Martinez-Treceño ◽  
J. M. Lopez-Aranda ◽  
P. Melgarejo
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Verticillium Wilt ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Dimethyl Disulfide ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Phytophthora Cactorum ◽  
Plastic Films ◽  
Metam Sodium ◽  
Soil Fumigants

Strawberry runners are a high-value cash crop in Spain that requires vigorous transplants free of pathogens. Preplant soil fumigation with methyl bromide, or with mixtures of methyl bromide and chloropicrin, is a standard practice for controlling soilborne diseases. Soil fumigants chloropicrin, 1,3-dichloropropene, dazomet, metam-sodium, metam potassium, and dimethyl disulfide were evaluated in combination with different plastic films as alternatives for methyl bromide soil fumigation of strawberry nurseries. The studies were conducted over a 4-year period, with fumigant applications prior to planting. Verticillium wilt (caused by Verticillium spp.) and crown rot (caused by Phytophthora cactorum) were the main diseases. Chloropicrin, 1,3-dichloropropene, and dazomet compared well with methyl bromide fumigation for control of strawberry nursery diseases. Furthermore, 1,3-dichloropropene and methyl bromide, applied at 50% rate under virtually impermeable film, provided effective disease control in strawberry nurseries. Fumigant effects on fungal soil populations are discussed.

Interaction of Meloidogyne hapla and Verticillium dahliae, and the chemical control of wilt in strawberry

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (45) ◽  
pp. 493 ◽  
Author(s):  
JW Meagher ◽  
PT Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Verticillium Dahliae ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Meloidogyne Hapla ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Methyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Severity Of Disease ◽  
Verticillium Dahliae Kleb

In a field experiment with strawberries, pre-plant treatments with broad-spectrum fumigants methyl bromide-chloropicrin (450 kg/ha) or methyl isothiocyanate-dichloropropene (500 l/ha) (and 300 l/ha) controlled wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae Kleb and resulted in increased yields. Soil fumigation with the nematicide ethylene dibromidz (105 l/ha) also improved yields. It controlled the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood), delayed the onset of wilt symptoms and reduced the severity of disease. This indicated a nematode-fungus interaction and is the first report of a Meloidogyne-Verticillium interaction in strawberry.

Soil solarisation combined with low rates of soil fumigants controls clubroot of cauliflowers, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Woron

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 843 ◽  
Author(s):  
IJ Porter ◽  
PR Merriman ◽  
PJ Keane
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Plasmodiophora Brassicae ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Combined Treatments ◽  
Disease Rating ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Type Water ◽  
Soil Fumigants

The effect of solarisation combined with low rates of soil fumigants on the severity of clubroot and yield of cauliflowers was determined at 2 locations in southern Victoria. The effectiveness of treatments was shown to be dependent on location; on the type, water content and temperature of soil; and on the population density of Plasmodiophora brassicae. Yields were reduced depending upon the disease severity, usually within 60 days after transplanting. Propagules of P. brassicae could survive for more than 28 days in ovens at 45�C when in dry soil but died within 14 days at 40�C in moist soil. At Werribee in 1985 on a red brown earth, solarisation combined with dazomet (100 kg dazomet/ha) gave significantly better control than either treatment alone. This treatment reduced P. brassicae in the 0-10 cm layer, reduced the disease rating from 2.7 to 0.9 (0-3), and increased yield from 2.4 to 47 t/ha compared with controls. In 1986, solarisation combined with 98% methyl bromide-2% chloropicrin (100 and 250 kg/ha) reduced the population density of P. brassicae in the 0-10 and 10-20 cm layers of soil, reduced the disease rating from 3 to 1.8, and increased yield from 0 to 22 t/ha. These treatments were more effective than solarisation and dazomet used alone or in combination. At Keysborough in 1985 on a grey sand, separate treatments of solarisation or dazomet (100 and 250 kg dazometha) were as effective as combined treatments and significantly reduced disease and increased yields compared to controls. Solarisation combined with either fumigant significantly reduced the distribution and total number of weeds at all sites and was generally more effective than separate treatments.

A soil moisture meter. Depending on the “capillary pull” of the soil. With illustrations of its use in fallow land, grass orchard, and irrigated orchards

1935 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. S. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Continuous Measurement ◽  
Fallow Land ◽  
Soil Particles ◽  
Moisture Meter ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Moisture Percentage ◽  
Mercury Manometer

1. A soil moisture meter which gives direct and continuous measurement of the soil moisture content is described. The instrument consists of a special porous pot filled with water, connected by a tube to a mercury manometer. The pot is buried in the soil, whose capillary pull causes the mercury to rise. The height to which the mercury rises depends on the amount of moisture in the soil, and also on the size of soil particles and the degree of compactness of the soil. (The last two factors remain constant for an instrument in one position.)2. To read actual moisture percentage each instrument has to be calibrated for the soil in which it is placed. Once this is done, all sampling and weighing is eliminated.

Inorganic bromide residue in bananas, bell capsicums (sweet peppers), cherries and apples following fumigation with ethylene dibromide and methyl bromide

1976 ◽  
Vol 16 (82) ◽  
pp. 780 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Singh ◽  
LE Rippon ◽  
WS Gilbert ◽  
BL Wild
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Medical Research Council ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
The United States ◽  
Maximum Residue Limit ◽  
Ethylene Dibromide ◽  
Light Brown Apple Moth ◽  
United States Food ◽  
States Food

Inorganic bromide residues were evaluated from fumigation schedules available in Australia for use against Queensland fruit fly, Dacus tryoni (Froggatt) and light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) in fruit and vegetables. Capsicums were fumigated for two hours at 20�C with 22 g m-3 ethylene dibromide (EDB). Bromide residues (40-45 �g g-1) were in excess of the maximum residue limit of 10 �g g-1 of the United States Food and Drug Administration (U.S.F.D.A.) and the current 20 �g g-1 recommendation of the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (N.H.M.R.C.). Bananas were fumigated with dosages of 10, 12 and 14 g m-3 EDB for two hours at 20�C. Bromide residues increased with increasing dosages, and ranged from 11.7 to 15.6 �g g-1. Residues were within the recommended 20 �g g-1 limit of the N.H.M.R.C., but exceeded the 10 �g g-1 limit of the U.S.F.D.A. Cherries were fumigated for two hours at 15�C with 24 and 48 g m-3 methyl bromide (MB). Bromide residues (up to 8 �g g-1) were well within the 20 �g g-1 N.H.M.R.C. and U.S.F.D.A. limits. Apples were fumigated for two hours at 15�C with 24 g MB m-3 and at 7�C with 32 g MB m-3. Residues approximated or were less than the 5 �g g-1 limit of the U.S.F.D.A. and considerably lower than the 20 �g g-1 N.H.M.R.C. recommendation.

Strategi Pemerintah dalam Pengembangan Objek Wisata Pantai Mileura di Desa Lakarinta : Studi Pada Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata di Kabupaten Muna

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Adelisna Adelisna ◽  
Makmur Kambolong ◽  
Liwaul Liwaul
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Know How ◽  
Port Area ◽  
Beach Tourism ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
District Government ◽  
Road Widening

The objectives of this study are: 1) To know how the government's strategy in developing Mileura Beach tourism objects in Lakarinta Village 2) to know any factors that affect the development of Mileura Beach Tourism Objects in Lakarinta Village. This research is a descriptive study with the support of qualitative data. Data collection techniques were obtained through interview observation and documentation. Determination of informants obtained by purposive sampling technique. Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that the strategy used by the district government in this case the Department of Tourism in developing Mileura tourism objects includes: increasing tourism promotion, improving facilities and infrastructure, forming tourism awareness groups, even fixing supporting infrastructure such as the addition of cliffside gazebos , road restoration for resting places in Mileura port area, cendra mata kiosk, parking expansion, road widening. The two tourism programs in Muna Regency in its implementation are influenced by two factors, namely supporting factors, attraction of tourism objects and local community participation and inhibiting factors including land status, human resources, security of tourist areas and facilities and infrastructureKeywords : Government, Development, Tourism, Strategic

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