Environmental Justice in Intra Generations: An Overview of Aristotle's Distributive Justice to Coal Mining

Indonesia is a country with abundant natural resources, ranging from sand. Tin, copper, coal, iron ore to gold. Therefore, the State should provide environmental justice to create reserves with wise and sustainable management of natural resources. This study uses a doctrinal method in order to answer the problem under study. This study will examine how Aristotle's distributive justice can sharpen the concept of justice for coal mining management. This study will focus on environmental justice in intra-generational terms in terms of Aristotle's distributive justice to coal mining. Protection of access (conservation of access) reflects the allocation of rights and access to natural resources balanced between different generations and fellow members of the current generation. Thus, access to protection provides fair and non-discriminatory rights for every citizen of the current generation to use environmental resources. However, in using these resources, each member of the current generation has an obligation (equitable duties) to ensure that his actions will not reduce future generations' access to these resources. The state through mining or environmental policies has not provided justice for the community, where the community accepts more risks such as social injustice, environmental and health harm from coal mining activities than receiving the benefits.

Complaint Handling Systems In The Public Sector: A Comparative Analysis Between Indonesia and Australia

This article deals primarily with complaint handling system with reference to an ombudsman that established by the government as opposed to the private ombudsman variety in Indonesia and Australia’s jurisdictions. In practice, group of people or persons have often arisen complaints or grievances in public service, and it requires solutions. It is widely known that the Ombudsman office has long been regarded as an effective office in resolving people complaint. This is mainly because the nature of the Ombudsman as an independent and impartial institution. This article argues that regardless of the different context of introduction of an ombudsman in Indonesia and Australia because of different political and social context, however, the performance of ombudsman in both countries has showed significant role in enhancing public services through their expanded mandates and stronger powers.