(De)growth imperative: the importance of destination resilience in the context of overtourism.

This chapter examines the topic of overtourism to propose management solutions for destination degrowth and resilience-building. The authors use a Delphi survey, having as a sample 104 tourism experts who have explored the issue of overtourism either conceptually or empirically. These tourism experts include academics, managers of tourism associations, journalists and German ministries' representatives. By exploring their different views the study aims to understand overtourism conceptually and to develop adequate strategies to tackle this phenomenon and its negative outcomes as well as to ensure successful (de)growth.

Conclusion.

This final chapter summarizes the main conclusions of this book on degrowth in tourism, and considers the need to rethink the phenomenon of degrowth as a new development paradigm which attempts to give up the current system of unlimited growth.

Community-based tourism in a degrowth perspective.

This chapter highlights that despite the large body of existing literature on community-based tourism there is a lack of research adopting a degrowth perspective, as well as those conditions in which degrowth can happen in the case of community-based tourism. Based on the negligence of past research, the chapter explores the potentialities and limitations of community-based tourism experiences in Central America from the perspective of a socioecological transition. The chapter analyses three community-based tourism initiatives in three Latin American countries: Cooperativa Los Pinos (El Salvador), Ecoposada El Tisey (Nicaragua) and Stribrawpa (Costa Rica), and highlights both their commercial success and their potential to show possible emancipatory paths. In doing so, in-depth interviews were conducted with the members of the three initiatives, and systematization of their main characteristics and results, as well as the identification of the adopted strategies, were reviewed in order to be considered as examples for a debate on how tourism can be rethought in a degrowth perspective.

Growing degrowth-oriented tourism? CSR certified tour operators as change agents.

This chapter acknowledges the substantial role tour operators play in the tourism industry as intermediaries bundling different individual tourism offerings together. The study adopts an evolutionary approach through the analyses of tour operators' sustainability and audit reports and investigates whether German tour operators who have gained the corporate social responsibility (CSR) certification 'TourCert' have the potential to act as change agents, upscale the downscaling idea of degrowth and contribute to a reformist pathway of structural change. The findings reveal that CSR certification schemes do not seem to genuinely foster the restructuring of the tourism market within the capitalist system, but can only marginally advocate and diffuse certain elements of degrowth-oriented tourism. At the same time, CSR certification schemes lack the influence necessary for a paradigm shift and for this reason the approach of degrowth-oriented tourism seems unsuitable for mainstream application.

Freedom of movement and degrowth.

This chapter discusses the topic of freedom of movement from the point of view of tourism and degrowth. The study analyses different scientific and legal sources to give precise answers to three questions that will make it possible to rethink the meaning of freedom of movement in tourism: (a) how are degrowth and freedom of movement interpreted in modern tourism?; (b) how is freedom of movement interrelated with overtourism and sustainability challenges?; and (c) how are freedom of movement and degrowth related to the global health crisis?

Political discourse analysis of the degrowth challenge to dominant tourism narratives in Spain.

This chapter uses as a case Spanish cities such as Madrid, Palma de Mallorca, Bilbao, Seville, Valencia and Barcelona, to explore the role that degrowth social movement actors and ideas have played in protest action directed at the tourism sector in recent years. The authors identify important episodes of contestation in which degrowth activists have been present. Particularly after 2015, the Neighbourhood Assembly for Sustainable Tourism, a degrowth-inspired association made up of grassroots organizations, assemblies and groups, has made several efforts to reduce the flow of tourists to Barcelona in an attempt to reverse the damaging social, economic, cultural and environmental effects that mass tourism is having on the city. In its attempt to explore various degrowth issues, the chapter sets out a conceptual framework that draws from key literature in the field of political discourse analysis, Althusserian treatment of ideology and interpellation, and work on degrowth and tourism.

Conclusion.

This final chapter summarizes the main conclusions of this book on degrowth in tourism, and considers the need to rethink the phenomenon of degrowth as a new development paradigm which attempts to give up the current system of unlimited growth.

Political discourse analysis of the degrowth challenge to dominant tourism narratives in Spain.

This chapter uses as a case Spanish cities such as Madrid, Palma de Mallorca, Bilbao, Seville, Valencia and Barcelona, to explore the role that degrowth social movement actors and ideas have played in protest action directed at the tourism sector in recent years. The authors identify important episodes of contestation in which degrowth activists have been present. Particularly after 2015, the Neighbourhood Assembly for Sustainable Tourism, a degrowth-inspired association made up of grassroots organizations, assemblies and groups, has made several efforts to reduce the flow of tourists to Barcelona in an attempt to reverse the damaging social, economic, cultural and environmental effects that mass tourism is having on the city. In its attempt to explore various degrowth issues, the chapter sets out a conceptual framework that draws from key literature in the field of political discourse analysis, Althusserian treatment of ideology and interpellation, and work on degrowth and tourism.

Degrowing the commoditization process in community-based tourism and local entrepreneurship.

This chapter presents an empirical analysis of the tourist destination of Bandung in Indonesia to discuss some of the theoretical constructs of commoditization in community-based tourism and to explore how local resources are made available as an alternative to the dominant doctrines of 'economism'. To identify whether tourism development has exacerbated the existing forms of social and spatial equality or has provided alternative capital opportunities for the study area the author has collected data from three sources: (a) the internet (newspaper articles, photos and videos about the village of Kampong Rajut); (b) observations of the activities of Kampung Rajut inhabitants; and (c) interviews with eight village leaders.

Freedom of movement and degrowth.

This chapter discusses the topic of freedom of movement from the point of view of tourism and degrowth. The study analyses different scientific and legal sources to give precise answers to three questions that will make it possible to rethink the meaning of freedom of movement in tourism: (a) how are degrowth and freedom of movement interpreted in modern tourism?; (b) how is freedom of movement interrelated with overtourism and sustainability challenges?; and (c) how are freedom of movement and degrowth related to the global health crisis?