mRNA Vaccine Review against COVID-19 with Potential Applications to Improve Efficacy and Targeting

Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is a respiratory illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus is the cause of the pandemic that has affected over 213 countries and there are over 21 million confirmed cases in the United States. Intense research efforts and funding have been placed into diagnostic, prevention, and treatment options. This review evaluates mRNA vaccines, their advantages, limitations, and current progress towards vaccine production. We included current methods of mRNA vaccine production and introduce potential changes in vaccine delivery methods currently being developed to specifically aid in targeting the coronavirus. We evaluated various routes of administration and their potential to allow vaccines to reach the immune system and induce an immune response to produce antibodies and provide immunity. Safety and efficacy have been evaluated in this review of various mRNA clinical trials that aimed to determine if mRNA vaccines can cause antibody production and the types of adverse events associated with them. Although mRNA vaccines are not perfect in design, the possibilities they offer in advancing vaccine research and fighting other viral infections while improving immunity are worth further research.

Achieving Immunization Equity in a Pandemic

In the presence of a rapidly progressing pandemic, rapid mitigating measures must be taken to curb further spread of disease. One such measure is the development of vaccines targeted at the disease of interest to induce immunity, preventing further disease transmission. Immunization is the process of rendering an individual immune to a disease, usually via the act of inoculation, or vaccination. Vaccinations provide both direct protection (to immunized individuals) as well as indirect protection (via herd immunity). While essential in the resolution of any pandemic, the “me first” mentality will result in inequitable distribution of vaccines amongst countries and regions. This vast disparity in vaccine distribution will result in far greater global mortality, and measures must be put in place to ensure equitable vaccines allocation.

Assessment of Knowledge, Perception and Readiness of Nigerians to Participate in the COVID-19 Vaccine Trial

Background: Developing an effective and safe COVID-19 vaccine is a global public health necessity in containing the pandemic, however, recruiting volunteers can be challenging in a clinical trial phase because of poor knowledge, negative perception, ethical issues and safety concerns.

Vaccination Induced Diseases and their Relationship to Neurologic Fatiguing Syndromes, Channelopathies, Breast Implant Illness, and Autoimmunity via Molecular Mimicry

Current theories utilized to explain vaccination induced diseases center mainly around autoimmune phenomena mediated by molecular mimicry to viral or bacterial antigens, bystander cellular activation, or the presence of adjuvants and hidden toxins in vaccine ingredients. Proponents of these disorders have encountered intense controversial feedback from other vaccine researchers who point out the acknowledged infrequency of vaccine complications, overly simplistic and illogical ideas of aberrant immune activation, disease heterogeneity, vaccine efficacy, and the failure to appreciate benign observations inherent to similar environmental exposures. In this report novel and plausible alternative mechanisms of disease causation are proposed by comparing the initiation and perpetuation of vaccination induced autoimmunity with biochemical and physiological disturbances occurring in seemingly disparate disorders, namely neurologic fatiguing syndromes, breast implant illness, and channelopathies. Such disturbances are capable of producing multiple overlapping amplification loops of immune dysfunction mediated by the deleterious comingling of complex interactions between indigenous host factors, mitochondria, immunocompetent cells and toxic vaccine ingredients, all of which then circuitously reinforce each other in a sustained manner.