A Review of the Relationships Between Knee Pain and Movement Neuromechanics

Context: Knee injury and disease are common, debilitating, and expensive. Pain is a chief symptom of knee injury and disease and likely contributes to arthrogenic muscle inhibition. Joint pain alters isolated motor function, muscular strength, and movement biomechanics. Because knee pain influences biomechanics, it likely also influences long-term knee joint health. Objective: The purpose of this article is 2-fold: (1) review effects of knee pain on lower-extremity muscular activation and corresponding biomechanics and (2) consider potential implications of neuromechanical alterations associated with knee pain for long-term knee joint health. Experimental knee pain is emphasized because it has been used to mimic clinical knee pain and clarify independent effects of knee pain. Three common sources of clinical knee pain are also discussed: patellofemoral pain, anterior cruciate ligament injury and reconstruction, and knee osteoarthritis. Data Sources: The PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus databases were searched for articles relating to the purpose of this article. Conclusion: Researchers have consistently reported that knee pain alters neuromuscular activation, often in the form of inhibition that likely occurs via voluntary and involuntary neural pathways. The effects of knee pain on quadriceps activation have been studied extensively. Knee pain decreases voluntary and involuntary quadriceps activation and strength and alters the biomechanics of various movement tasks. If allowed to persist, these neuromechanical alterations might change the response of articular cartilage to joint loads during movement and detrimentally affect long-term knee joint health. Physical rehabilitation professionals should consider neuromechanical effects of knee pain when treating knee injury and disease. Resolution of joint pain can likely help to restore normal movement neuromechanics and potentially improve long-term knee joint health and should be a top priority.

Neuropathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 has recently emerged as a serious jolt to human life and economy. Initial knowledge established pulmonary complications as the chief symptom, however, the neurological aspect of the disease is also becoming increasingly evident. Emerging reports of encephalopathies and similar ailments with the detection of the virus in the CSF has elicited an urgent need for investigating the possibility of neuroinvasiveness of the virus, which cannot be ruled out given the expression of low levels of ACE2 receptors in the brain. Sensory impairments of the olfactory and gustatory systems have also been reported in a large proportion of the cases, indicating the involvement of the peripheral nervous system. Hence, the possibility of neurological damage caused by the virus demands immediate attention and investigation of the mechanisms involved, so as to customize the treatment of patients presenting with neurological complications.

Large lipoma in the subglottic larynx: a case report

Lipomas are rare benign tumors in the larynx. We encountered a 70-year-old man with a large lipoma in the subglottic area. His chief symptom was a 3-month history of progressive dyspnea. Transnasal flexible endoscopy showed a large mass on the posterior wall of the subglottic region. A computed tomography scan revealed a lesion occupying 75% to 80% of the subglottic airway. In this article, we discuss the imaging changes, clinical evaluation, and treatment of this patient’s lipoma.

Oral malignant melanoma of alveolar ridge

Malignancy of melanocytes, a pigment-producing cell, is referred as malignant melanoma (MM) which occur basically on skin and oral mucous membrane, but as well found in ears, eyes, gastrointestinal tract and genital mucosa. Oral melanomas has propensity to metastasise and invade more voluntarily than other malignant counterparts. Here we present a case of 52-year-old male patient with a chief symptom of blackening of gums in the upper front tooth region. In dental history, the patient revealed history of faulty artificial prosthesis fixed in the same region since 6 months. On the basis of a through clinical assessment, a provisional opinion of oral malignant melanoma, was prepared. On histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis with S-100 and homatropine methylbromide 45 the diagnosis of MM was confirmed.

Autonomic Dysreflexia and Boosting in Wheelchair Athletes

Autonomic dysreflexia (AD), which occurs in individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI) above T-6, is caused by an exaggerated sympathetic nervous system (SNS) response to a noxious stimulus. Blood pressure (BP) elevation is a chief symptom of acute AD; this rise in BP makes AD potentially life threatening. Autonomic dysreflexia is also referred to as autonomic hyperreflexia. For this discussion, autonomic dysreflexia will be the term used. It is estimated that approximately 90% of competitive athletes with quadriplegia have intentionally induced AD in order to enhance performance (Burnham et al., 1994). This practice, which is called “boosting,” appears to be an effective, but potentially dangerous, performance enhancement technique. Individuals who work with athletes with SCI above T-6 should be aware of the symptoms, dangers, and treatment of AD, as well as the practice of boosting in order to ensure the safety of these athletes.

The causes and prevention of miners' nystagmus

Miners' nystagmus is an occupational neurosis which is confined to workers in coal mines. The chief symptom and physical sign is a rotatory oscillation of the eyeballs, which prevents the miner from accurately fixing anything towards which his vision is directed. The result may be compared to a cinematograph exhibition, in which the pictures have not been taken rapidly enough to produce a continuous image, or where the film has been worn away by over-use, giving a blurred image. Description . The man first notices that he is unable to perform the more skilled part of his work; he cannot notch timber well, and fails to drive his wedge, or strike with his pick the exact piece of coal aimed at. He next complains that the lamps dazzle his eyes, that he is unable to see anything at night time, and, finally, that the lamps and all surrounding objects are going round and round. Headache, varying from slight pain between the temples to attacks of extreme severity, giddiness on exertion and stooping, night-blindness, dread of light, and in severe cases marked nervous depression (two of my cases have expressed suicidal intentions), are all found in a marked case of nystagmus.