Structural features of the chinchilla pelts haircovering of different color types

In order to form national chinchilla breeding market sector it is necessary to determine the main parameters that can characterize chinchilla furs of local production, classify them as fur and peltry and establish standard indicators for this kind of commercial production. Chinchilla peltry with its softness, tenderness, velvety texture and high aesthetic properties are in great demand by consumers. The article provides information on the structure of chinchilla hair-covering, characteristics of hair types, hair form, degree of tortuosity. The results of the study of the length and thickness of the down hair according to the color type of chinchilla pelts and topographical part (spine, rump or side) are given in the article. The author gives recommendations on chinchilla selection in order to improve the pelt quality.

To decentralize or to continue on the centralization track: The cases of authoritarian regimes in Russia and Kazakhstan

Decisions on decentralization versus centralization come as a result of strategic choices made by politicians after weighing their costs and benefits. In authoritarian regimes, the highest-priority political task is that of restraining political competition and securing power in the hands of the incumbent. This task incentivizes politicians to restrict political decentralization (or at least block reforms promoting such decentralization). At the same time, external economic pressures (e.g. globalization) place the task of national competitiveness in the global markets on the agenda, and increase incentives for fiscal and administrative decentralization. Thus, political and economic pressures create contradicting incentives, and in weighing costs and benefits, politicians in different authoritarian regimes make different choices that lead to variation in the form, degree and success of decentralization/centralization policies. In this article we compare authoritarian decentralization in Russia and Kazakhstan.

The elementary soil areas of the Mykolaiv-Horodok Opillia

During the investigation of soil structure of Mykoliv-Horodok Opillia we used the methods of detection (natural-cartometric, relief sculpture, quality-genetic) and interpretation (statistical cartometric, functional and analytical) of the soil structure. To characterize elementary soil areas of the key area the natural-cartometric method was used, it makes it possible to determine the parameters of the soil structure and obtain quantitative indicators for the key elementary soil areas (ESA) parameters, which are elementary soil areas composition and area ratio, complexity, fractionality, breakdown, heterogeneity and contrast range. The article presents results of a study of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of elementary soil areas of the Mykolaiv-Horodok Opillia. The degree of variability of ESA areas was identified and analysed with coefficient of the differentiation of the soil outlines and methods of variation statistics. Form, degree of tortuosity and elongation of area limits using the coefficient of the dismemberment were studied. The character of outlines of elementary soil areas within the area of research was investigated. The basic features of ESA borders depending on various environmental factors are identified. Certain laws of changing of the basic parameters of elementary soil areas, which form the soil structure of Mykolaiv-Horodok Opillia were traced. Key words: elementary soil area, structure of the soil cover, coefficient of variability of soil outlines, coefficient of the differentiation of the soil outlines, coefficient of the dismemberment of the soil boundaries.

General Yang–Mills type gauge theories for p-form gauge fields: From physics-based ideas to a mathematical frameworkorFrom Bianchi identities to twisted Courant algebroids

Starting with minimal requirements from the physical experience with higher gauge theories, i.e. gauge theories for a tower of differential forms of different form degrees, we discover that all the structural identities governing such theories can be concisely recombined into what is called a Q-structure or, equivalently, an L∞-algebroid. This has many technical and conceptual advantages: complicated higher bundles become just bundles in the category of Q-manifolds in this approach (the many structural identities being encoded in the one operator Q squaring to zero), gauge transformations are generated by internal vertical automorphisms in these bundles and even for a relatively intricate field content the gauge algebra can be determined in some lines and is given by what is called the derived bracket construction. This paper aims equally at mathematicians and theoretical physicists; each more physical section is followed by a purely mathematical one. While the considerations are valid for arbitrary highest form degree p, we pay particular attention to p = 2, i.e. 1- and 2-form gauge fields coupled nonlinearly to scalar fields (0-form fields). The structural identities of the coupled system correspond to a Lie 2-algebroid in this case and we provide different axiomatic descriptions of those, inspired by the application, including e.g. one as a particular kind of a vector-bundle twisted Courant algebroid.

Analogies entre marqueurs de degré comparatif et exclamatif

In the present paper “Similarities between Comparative and Exclamative Degree Markers: French ce and Spanish lo”, we first analyse the so-called pseudo-relativized phrasal comparative construction X que ce que P in French and X de lo que P in Spanish. We after compare the pseudo-relativized phrasal comparative construction properties with the properties of the exclamative French construction Ce que P! and of the Spanish one ¡Lo X que P ! whose form, degree reading, and some syntactic and semantic features are similar. We eventually conclude about the nature of que/que, introducing both subordinate constructions, as a complementizer (and not a Wh- item).

La comparative relative X que ce que P et son homonyme en français

The aim of this paper “La comparative relative X que ce que P et son homonyme en français : contextes d’apparition et emploi en corpus” is an analysis of the so-called relativized phrasal comparative construction X que ce que P, in French vs. frequently used in another romance languages. In fact, this sequence is identical to an another and useful sequence found in the sentential comparative construction, which nature and conditions of use are to be defined firstly. We after compare the relativized phrasal comparative construction properties with the properties of the sentential comparative construction and secondily with the exclamative French construction ce que P ! whose form, degree reading, and some syntactic and semantic features are similar.

Surfactant Effects on Glyphosate Efficacy

Field and greenhouse studies were performed to examine the influence of various surfactants with glyphosate on whole plant efficacy. Relationships were examined between glyphosate phytotoxicity and surfactant properties, including ionic form, degree of ethoxylation, and hydrophobe composition. Cationic tertiary amine surfactants enhanced glyphosate performance in both field and greenhouse studies. Nonionic allinol and octoxynol surfactants were not effective in combination with glyphosate. In field studies, glyphosate efficacy increased with increasing surfactant ethylene oxide (EO) content. Soybean and velvetleaf responded similarly to glyphosate-surfactant spray applications, as both demonstrated significant linear and quadratic relationships between increasing surfactant ethoxylation and phytotoxicity, while common lambsquarters showed a significant linear relationship only. Cationic surfactants were evaluated in the greenhouse and a significant quadratic regression of glyphosate phytotoxicity to common lambsquarters on increasing surfactant ethoxylation indicated an optimum surfactant EO content of about 10 moles. Both tertiary and quaternary ethoxylated fatty amines were effective with glyphosate in decreasing common lambsquarters' fresh weight. Fatty amine hydrophobe composition did not correlate with glyphosate phytotoxicity to common lambsquarters.

Support for the Party System by the Mass Public

Compared with most political institutions, the American party system has endured for a long time. The parties as organizations and symbols have become so much a part of our thinking about politics that we generally overlook the possibility of their eventual decline. One of the parties indeed has existed nearly as long as the republic itself; it thus antedates all but a few of the modern nations of the Western world. The basic form of the party system—two major, decentralized, ideologically diffuse parties—has remained generally intact throughout its lifespan. The system of parties as a principle of political organization has been extended in some form to every level and branch of government. When the persistence of the party system has been most in jeopardy—as in the period of the Civil War—it has managed always to reestablish itself. On the criteria of duration, constancy of form, degree of penetration of other political institutions and response to stress, the record of the party system has been one of marked success.This is not to say that there has been no variability in this performance. Constraints were present from the very beginning of party life in this country and have continued—with changing levels of severity—over the years. The failure of the parties to become part of the formal constitutional structure reflects a lack of full legitimation which has proved difficult to overcome.

Non-Metasomatic Chlorite in Igneous Rocks

The determination of the stability conditions of chlorite, especially the stability temperature between 500° and 700° C. by B. W. Nelson, D. M. Roy, R. Roy, and H. S. Yoder complements the conclusions arrived at from the microscopical study of the interstitial chlorite in the diabase-minverite series of south-west England. These disprove the assumption that the chlorite generally originates from metasomatic reaction or devitrification of a glassy residue. Considering the formation of chlorite at a late stage of solidification, an explanation of its genesis is attempted on that basis. Possible effects on the petrologic evolution are discussed.The chlorite taking part in the filling of amygdales and pseudoamygdales has formed preferentially by replacement of carbonates. Variation in form, degree, and associated products is exemplified. The appearance of a liquid carbonate phase, ascertained by P. J. Wyllie, O. F. Tuttle, and R. I. Harker in the system calcitewollastonite-water at temperatures between 640° and 680° C. seems to be realized likewise under natural conditions, and to provide a basis for the understanding of certain phenomena, especially in reaction zones.