Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Workers In An Industry in Ahmednagar District, Maharashtra.

Introduction: Musculoskeletal disorders are a major public health problem in industrialized and developing countries. The present study was aimed to find out the prevalence of acute and chronic WMSD’s in Industrial workers. Methodology: This cross-sectional observational study was carried out in 60 workers of the Adon Block department workers of the electrical & automation industry, Ahmednagar. Pre-structured occupational Performa was filled by asking questions in the worker’s local language. The Nordic pain Questionnaire was filled by asking the subjects to mark the sites of pain on body chart paper. The risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal problems were assessed by the working posture of workers and repetitive movements in industrial set up. The data collected were interpreted and analyzed. Results: In the present study, 60 workers were selected, of which a number of females were 39 (65%) while males were 21 (35%). The Neck (20.2%) followed by the shoulder (14.9%), elbow (14.4%) and knee (14.4%) were most commonly involved. There was a statistically significant variation in the number of workers involved according to the posture (sitting vs standing) and part of the MSK system involved. Conclusion: The WMSD’s are common in Adon block department workers. The involvement of neck, shoulder, lower back and arm was common in sitting position, while the involvement of upper back, elbow and knee were common in standing position. The disorders are commonly seen in workers irrespective of their duration of work and gender. Keywords: Musculoskeletal disorders; Industry Workers; Nordic pain Questionnaire; Ahmednagar.

Technologies of Resistance

A key paradox of education in the 21st century is the simultaneous focus on standards, accountability, and assessments, alongside the call for schools to prepare students for the ever-changing digital world. Educational technology is often touted as the solution to all the problems that supposedly plague education. Teachers, though, often resist educational technologies for good reason, but resistance can lead to student not having opportunities to engage in 21st century literacies. The authors propose that teachers can tap into material technologies—like sticky notes, chart paper, markers, scissors, and tape—and frame those multimodal compositions as 21st century thinking. The chapter offers extensive examples of material, multimodal student compositions, and descriptions of the instructional practices that supported their creation, all from middle and high school classrooms that were under heavy pressure to teach toward success on the state standardized test. The examples are organized around the concepts of self-representation, academic literacies, and artistic expression.

Hearing Aid Measurements Using the Revised Standard

Unlike previous standards, the revised hearing aid standard, (ANSI $3.22-1976), specifies tolerance requirements for the electroaeoustic characteristics of hearing aids. It is essential, therefore, that measurements of performance be made as accurately as possible. To assess the precision with which these measures can be made in a clinical environment, five hearing aids of the same model were each tested five times using Bruel and Kjaer instrumentation. When possible, data were recorded directly from the meter of the measuring amplifier as well as from the chart paper. The variability of the results was always less when data were obtained from the meter than from the chart. The ratio of the variability (meter:chart) differed depending on the test being made. The accuracy of the test system was derived (as required by the standard) both theoretically and empirically. When its estimated tolerances were added to the tolerances permitted for the aids, all hearing aids were found to perform well within the limits of the standard except for one measurement on one aid.

Optimization of gamma‐ray logging techniques for uranium

In gamma‐ray logging for uranium exploration and evaluation, many factors affect the accuracy of the final processed log. This paper presents the results of a study of various logging and data processing parameters over which the logger can exercise control. These include probe velocity, sampling interval, detector length, and, in the case of analog recording, ratemeter time constant and chart paper depth scale. Numerous replications of gamma‐ray logs past the same sequence of radioactive zones varying one logging parameter at a time, combined with theoretical considerations, lead to some useful conclusions regarding the effects of those parameters on the accuracy and resolution of the logs, and the efficacy of deconvolution techniques under various conditions. In general, digital recording is preferable to analog recording because, with the latter, the accuracy of the computed grade‐thickness product can suffer as a result of the extra steps of converting count rate to an analog chart record and back again to digital form for processing. In the case of digital gamma‐ray logging for uranium, it appears that it is less important to log slowly for good statistical accuracy than it is to use a small sampling or digitization interval. Under the high count‐rate conditions encountered in uranium logging, the factors limiting the accuracy of the log are likely to be detector length (which limits spatial resolution) and geologic noise (e.g., inhomogeneities in the rock); logging more slowly does not remedy these problems. In cases where the recorded gamma‐ray flux is low, such as in lithologic correlation, it may still be necessary to log very slowly to achieve acceptable statistical reliability.

Electronic Correction of Values That Are "Off-Scale" in the "SMA-6" System for Continuous-flow Analysis

Data are presented for an electronic device that automatically halves "off-scale" signal voltages on the "SMA Flex-6" System (Technicon). This extends the usefulness of the system by obviating the need for most repeat analyses on dilutions of specimens containing constituents in concentrations that exceed the limits of the pre-calibrated chart paper. Accurate results are obtained because the chemical reactions are shown to be linear up to nearly twice the maximum calibration on the recorder paper for the following analytes: bilirubin, total and direct (20.0 mg/dl); alkaline phosphatase (700 U/ liter); lactate dehydrogenase (1200 U/liter); creatine kinase (2400 U/liter); and aspartate aminotransferase (600 U/liter). In contrast, dilution of sera 2-, 5-, and 10-fold with sodium chloride solution (8.5 g/liter) produces positive errors ranging from 6 to 38% for these enzymes, but has no significant effect on bilirubin.

Analysis of current methods of interpreting strong-motion accelerograms

abstract The influence on the calculated velocity and displacement and shock spectra of accelerogram vagaries is examined. The effect of centerline adjustment, small random reading errors, and chart paper distortion are considered in detail. An expression for the variance of the final displacement error, which is caused by accelerogram reading errors, is presented. This expression can be used to determine the reading accuracy required to evaluate the final ground displacement to desired accuracy. The utility of determining ground velocity and displacement is discussed. The effects of accelerogram reading errors on shock spectra is considered. The adequacy of current chart paper speeds and transducer natural frequencies is discussed. It is concluded: (a) that the use of accelerograms to accurately determine net ground displacement is impractical; (b) that reading errors in accelerogram charts, as they are currently being recorded, can cause significant errors in response spectra; (c) that limitations of current seismographs may attenuate the high frequency content in strong-motion seismic shocks or distort low-frequency spectra due to aliasing.