Whole Care Home Testing for Covid-19 in a Local Authority Area in the United Kingdom

Objectives: To describe the point prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in care homes reporting low numbers of cases of COVID-19. Design: A cross-sectional study of care homes, ascertaining perceived disease burden using interviews with care home managers and SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in residents and staff using nose and throat swabbing. Setting: 15 Care homes in Essex, United Kingdom, all of which had reported either zero or one case of COVID-19 to the Health Protection Team. Participants: 912 residents and staff of care homes were tested. Residents were eligible to be tested regardless of symptoms. Main outcome measure: Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in residents and staff. Results: In the 15 care homes studied, SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 23 (5.2%)of 441 residents. Of these 23, 21/23 (91%) were asymptomatic as reported by the care home managers. SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 8/471 (1.7%) of staff. This differs from that in residents (p=0.003). Conclusions: The findings of the study suggest that symptoms, as reported by care home managers, are an insensitive method of defining the extent of SARS-CoV-2 infection in nursing homes. Viral detection from residents is more common than from staff. Microbiological screening is a more sensitive method for defining the extent of SARS-CoV-2 in care homes than managerial reporting of resident symptoms.

Sustainable community services for older people

This paper explores the sustainability of non-government organisations (NGOs) providing services to older people in the local government authority area of North Sydney. It identifies several key issues that can be used to assess the level of programme sustainability in the community sector. We suggest that government support is essential for the ongoing financial sustainability of community aged care services and that community-based organisations need to address a number of issues that will impact on their long-term sustainability. A good working relationship with local and state government is crucial for organisations to access community grants, donations and subsidised premises. The recruitment, training and retention of volunteers were some of the most important issues identified. Further, these NGOs will need to develop strategic plans that factor in sustainability indicators to address rental, recycling, transport, renewable energy and water costs to ensure that they have the capacity to pay for these utilities in the future.

Geoinformatics Based Sprawl Dynamics Analysis of Berhampur Development Authority Area, Odisha, India

Urban and Regional planners need accurate and authentic spatio-temporal information of urban sprawls for efficient and sustainable planning of towns & cities worldwide. Geoinformatics powered with temporal high resolution satellite images, Geographic Information System (GIS), mobile technology, etc is now emerged as the most powerful tool for mapping and monitoring the sprawls of urban habitations. In this paper an attempt is made for analysing the dynamics of sprawls of three statutory towns of Berhampur Development Authority (BeDA) area of Ganjam District, Odisha state, India. The spatial information of urban sprawl of each town has been generated using openly available toposheets and multi -sensor & multi - temporal satellite images and the spatio temporal characteristics of sprawls has been analysed in Arc GIS software. The sprawl area as well as the population of the three towns have been analysed and the future scenario of sprawl-population dynamics has been forecasted for the years 2021 and 2031.The result of this paper highlights that sprawls of the three towns i.e Berhampur, Chhatrapur and Gopalpur will expand their spatial dimension by 22,18 and 97 percent by 2031 whereas population of the three towns will increase by 43, 19 and 15 percent between 2011 -2031.Finally the result indicates that there will be decrease in population density in the three towns which will ultimately force the Development Authority to plan more basic infrastructures and transportation in the newly expanded urban areas.

Analisa Penetapan Target Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) Di Kabupaten Indragiri Hulu

: This research study about phenomenon and symptom in governance of area, specially with reference to analysis to stipulating of goals earnings of area genuiness and ability of area in process acceptance of it area. For that need for us to comprehend Governance meaning, Governance represent organ in charge process service of public and obliged to process service of civil for every one who conduct governance relation, so that each every pertinent society member accepting it at the time of needed as according to governed demand. Besides to comprehend discussion in this research to elaborate furthermore about analysis stipulating of goals earnings of area genuiness, of course also will study about existence of monetary counter balance element between area and center as form management of area autonomy in process acceptance of area. Monetary counter balance between Government and Governance of Area is a system of division of fair finance, proporsional, democratic, transparent, and efficient in order to financing of management of Decentralization, by considering potency, condition of, and requirement of area, and also besaran financing of management of Deconcentration and Duty Aid. With existence of element of authority area in managing and process acceptance of its area, so researcher cope to give deeper solution about local government effort through on duty earnings of area in process acceptance of area through its authority in specifying goals acceptance of area. In specifying goals acceptance of this area need to local government to give rational calculation, objective and can be measured in its implementation wait. Therefore to analyse guidance in stipulating of this goals, shall on duty earnings of area can to be guided by acceptance of area in the year previously, taxpayer data and retribution is obliged to which have data, till can to coordinate more comprehensive to other on duty to get its conducive proposal and input it goals at sector acceptance of certain area. This matter is meant so that on duty earnings of local government and area indirectly can to give picture to growth of economics of its regional society, one of them of course can be depicted to through stipulating of goals acceptance of respective area to awareness of society taxpayer periodically mount or is downhill. So, Local government ought to can give clear picture to potency earnings of area genuiness and later;then construct society to increase awareness of taxpayer by process acceptance of the lease to develop build society.Keyword : Local Government, Area Autonomy, Acceptance of Area, Earnings of Area Genuiness, Taxpayer

SYSTEM PERSPECTIVE OF PUBLIC GOVERNANCE

Steering social processes becomes more and more problematic, which implies the necessity to seek new, more sophisticated methods of public policy and forms of social coordination. The condition for their development and then their effective implementation is to learn nature and logic of action of complex social systems, the objective that can largely be met by using system approach. The paper concerns possibilities to use virtues of thinking in system categories for conceptualization and projection of actions in public sphere. Reflection on the social complexity phenomenon and determinants of system approach application as a method to reduce such complexity, in order to capture the logics of social systems, represents a starting point. Key research issue is represented by deliberations on public governance expressed as steering complex social systems. A lot of effort has been devoted to self-organization phenomenon while making use of the scientific outputs of cybernetics and macrosociology. The conclusion is that in the conditions of complexity and high dynamics of processes, the efficacy of public governance depends on the abilities to use endogenic potentials of social systems. Redefinition of government role in public authority area should be aimed at, through giving up top-down and narrowly defined interventions for exercising general supervision and active leadership. Thus soft forms of coordination should be opted for, such as soft law, with the possibility of further, ex post, specification of public policy goals, modelled after standards of contractual relationships. Public actions should have inclusive character, and the goals defined should be an outcome of public debate.

A peer approach to the evaluation of adult support and protection processes in North Ayrshire

Purpose By adopting a “peer approach,” the purpose of this paper is to evaluate the adult support and protection process in North Ayrshire from the perspective of patients, service users and carers. Design/methodology/approach A research design was co-produced by health and social care staff and people with lived experience of ASP processes and experiences. The semi-structured interview design explored the ASP inquiry, investigation and case conference stages of the ASP process. Findings The study found some examples of good practice as well as some areas for improvement. The variability of experience, the provision of information, use of advocacy services and plans for future systematic evaluation of experiences were identified for possible improvement. Research limitations/implications The design somewhat limits generalizability; the sample size is small and although the findings and innovative approach involving those with lived experience may have wider appeal, the specific recommendations pertain to a specific local authority area in Scotland though these too may interest practitioners and researchers in other authorities. Practical implications The recommendations stand to improve services and process accessed and experienced by adults at risk of harm. Working with people with lived experience takes services closer to co-producing, designing and evaluating services and processes. Originality/value This study has high originality. Local value is high and is also likely to be valuable to those interested in adult support in protection generally and peer approaches across fields.

Validation of the Scottish Social Care Survey using data from Renfrewshire Council.

BackgroundThe Social Care Survey (SCS) is collected annually by the Scottish Government (SG) from all of Scotland’s 32 local authorities. In addition to other information, it details the amount of home care delivered to all individuals in receipt of this service during a specified census week. How well this census represents care delivered throughout the year is unknown. ObjectivesUsing complete data from one local authority area:1. Quantify the annual proportion of individuals receiving care during the census week.2. Describe differences in type and duration of care packages received during/not during the census week. MethodsA data sharing agreement was completed with Renfrewshire council to transfer all social care data for the years 2006-2016 to a safe haven environment. A time series was created identifying how much care each individual received at weekly intervals during the study period allowing comparison of counts of individuals at any given week with total counts for financial years. Differences in packages received during/not during the census week in each financial year were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. Findings41,002 packages of home care for 10,130 individuals over the age of 65 (64% female), were analysed. The proportion of people receiving care in the census week varied from 54.1% to 64.8% of the total number of individuals receiving care in a given financial year.Approximately half of packages received during the census week were of similar duration and intensity (weekly hours delivered) as packages not captured by the census. The remainder tended to be of much longer duration (>1 year) and less intensity. ConclusionsThe SCS represents approximately 60% of individuals receiving home care in the Renfrewshire council area and a representative sample of packages of care delivered.

DEVELOPING THE ARGUMENTATION ABILITIES OF 3RD AND 4TH GRADE PUPILS DURING THE EXAMINATION OF A LOCATION

Educational institutions task - to create a student-centred environment that is able to choose and pursue their individual learning goals. The schoolenvronment is defined as the socio-cultural education authority area in which the permanent, versatile children's education and self-education process. Students orientation environment and its impact on the student's personal maturation and direct educational outcomes studied a number of Lithuanian and foreign scientists. The thesis is selected according to the students' orientation skills relevant to the problems that many Lithuanian general education schools. Defined labour problem that does not know how to effectively develop the 3-4 grade students' management skills. The main and primary goal - organizing educational activities based on experiential learning to develop students' grades 3-4 orienteering and argumentation skills in the environment. Involve analysis of scientific literature, 3-4 grade students conducted a survey, which aimed to help the students get a basic understanding, knowledge and skills of orienteering and argumentation environment. Upon receipt of the completed questionnaires to the children - they were analyzedand made certain conclusions about 3-4 grade student orientation environment capabilities. Results of the study show that students in grades 3-4 all important orienteering and argumentation skills. According to the study results, providing a further 3-4 grade students orienteering and argumentation skills development opportunities. It is important that the method develop is not a goal in itself, but a real and successful adaptation of the universal of the system. Keywords: learning goals, management skills, scientific literature.

Impact of free access to leisure facilities and community outreach on inequalities in physical activity: a quasi-experimental study

BackgroundThere are large inequalities in levels of physical activity in the UK, and this is an important determinant of health inequalities. Little is known about the effectiveness of community-wide interventions to increase physical activity and whether effects differ by socioeconomic group.MethodsWe conducted interrupted time series and difference-in-differences analyses using local administrative data and a large national survey to investigate the impact of an intervention providing universal free access to leisure facilities alongside outreach and marketing activities in a deprived local authority area in the northwest of England. Outcomes included attendances at swimming and gym sessions, self-reported participation in gym and swim activity and any physical activity.ResultsThe intervention was associated with a 64% increase in attendances at swimming and gym sessions (relative risk 1.64, 95% CI 1.43 to 1.89, P<0.001), an additional 3.9% of the population participating in at least 30 min of moderate-intensity gym or swim sessions during the previous four weeks (95% CI 3.6 to 4.1) and an additional 1.9% of the population participating in any sport or active recreation of at least moderate intensity for at least 30 min on at least 12 days out of the last four weeks (95% CI 1.7 to 2.1). The effect on gym and swim activity and overall levels of participation in physical activity was significantly greater for the more disadvantaged socioeconomic group.ConclusionsThe study suggests that removing user charges from leisure facilities in combination with outreach and marketing activities can increase overall population levels of physical activity while reducing inequalities.