EVALUATION OF NATURAL GAS QUALITY BY ITS CALORIFIC VALUE

The article develops and analyzes a method of the comprehensive evaluation of the quality of natural gas as an energy source. The method is based on establishing the calorific value of natural gas as a determinative index of its quality, taking into account all gas properties: both those that positively affect the gas calorific value and its energy content, and those that adversely affect. The generalized definition of natural gas quality as the degree to which the set of the own gas characteristics (component composition and physical properties) meet the requirements concerning energy content, safety, ecology, and other factors is given. The results of experimental researches on natural gas quality according to the developed procedure are also presented.

The Experimental Research of Mechanical Properties of Rocks in Thermobaric Conditions

Oil and gas account for 60% of the energy balance of Ukraine. These energy carriers have received the greatest public attention in recent years. The supply of fuel resources and their price level have a significant impact on the living standards of the population, considering that in Ukraine the consumption of natural gas alone makes up about 41% of all energy consumed, which is almost twice the European average. According to the Energy Strategy, the annual use of natural gas in Ukraine should be reduced to 49.5 billion m3 by 2030. The dynamics of natural gas consumption in Ukraine shows that the total annual needs for this type of fuel will remain at the level of 70-75 billion m3 for several years. This is due primarily to the adaptability of industry and utilities to the use of natural gas. Their conversion to consuming other fuels requires both long time and considerable costs. Historically, energy traditions also contributed to this. Ukraine was one of the first in the world to start producing oil and gas. In the 1920s, the first gas pipelines from Precarpathia carried the energy of life to Lviv, and later to Kyiv and Moscow. Thanks to the discovery of new fields and the use of efficient technologies, the maximum production of natural gas in Ukraine - over 68 billion m3 per year - was reached in the 1970s. At that time, the gas industry of Ukraine, in addition to its own needs, provided gas to Belarus, Moldova, partly to Russia and the Baltic republics. At present, Ukraine supplies only 25% of its own gas. It is possible to increase the production of own gas in Ukraine by developing of shale deposits. Their development requires the drilling of inclined and horizontal wells. The main complication which occurs when drilling such wells in clay deposits is a integrity damage of their wellbore. To prevent this, various methods are often used in order to increase the mechanical strength of the rocks that make up the walls of the wells and to increase their water resistance. It is suggested to inject fuel-bitumen fluid into the rock. Its effectiveness has been studied under thermobaric conditions on rock models and core samples. These conditions were simulated using the designed laboratory facility. The efficiency of the fuel-bitumen fluid use is due to the speed of its filtration, which is determined by the size and number of pores and cracks in which it occurs. Therefore, it is advisable to inject the fuel-bitumen fluid into clay rocks to strengthen the well walls.

Optimising energy sourcing and consumption in the oil and gas sector

Oil and gas companies are fairly large users of electricity, and the rising cost of electricity has become a major issue for the sector. Oil and gas producers often develop their own gas-fired generation plants and consume their own gas as generation fuel. An increasing price of gas in the domestic market has resulted in a corresponding increase in the opportunity cost of utilising gas for power generation. Declining costs of renewable energy and battery storage open opportunities for oil and gas companies to reduce the consumption of their own gas and source electricity at a lower cost, as well as achieve their sustainability objectives. Gas-fired generation is expected to continue to play a key role in ensuring the reliability of electricity supply. However, the percentage of renewable energy in the supply mix can be increased significantly without compromising the reliability. This paper will focus on the opportunities that exist for oil and gas companies to reduce their overall energy supply costs through a differentiated approach considering renewable energy sources and batteries, competitive tendering of energy supply requirements, and attracting capital from independent power producers and institutional investors. The paper will draw on lessons learnt from other energy intensive businesses in Australia.

Foam Identification Based on Morphological Algorithm and Hough Transform

Petrochemical pharmaceutical bio-fermentation industry, witch is characterized by the production press of the material inside the device sets experiencing recessive chemical processes. In industrial production process, some media usually easy to produce large foam, witch affect production, it must be detected the amount of foam in real time, to effectively eliminate the foam bubbles and control the processes of the physical and chemical reactions to ensure the efficient, orderly and safe conduct throughout the process .Foam is multi-interface, uneven density and unstable surface shape, each bubble has its own gas and liquid interface, many bubbles overlap together, with the various interfaces. Staggered and different angles, witch making it light-scattering, in order to obtain a clear picture of foam, and effectively obtain features of foam, shoot on goal from different angles, the captured images are compared and analyzed to choose the best camera angle. Morphological methods was introduced and used to extract the edge of bubbles in foam. This work proposed a improved Hough Transform (HT) to analyze round bubbles and detect each bubble.To detect whether the captured image is the foam image, this work also proposed calculating the density of bubbles in the captured image. The preliminary results showed that the algorithm is dynamic with high efficient.

PORTRAIT, EMPIRE, AND INDUSTRY AT THE BELLE VUE ZOO, MANCHESTER

Belle vue zoo, founded in 1836, both celebrated and replicated the industrial surroundings of Manchester. Looking at the Zoo from a distance, people in the mid-nineteenth century would have remarked upon the establishment's dazzling grounds, illuminated either by Belle Vue's own gas works or by the electricity powered by its robust generators. They also would have caught sight of the zoo's buildings, humming with the action of the steam-driven machines within. By utilizing the most up-to-date technology, Belle Vue was an extension of its neighboring manufacturing city.

Lessons Learned From the Development of Courses on Gas Turbine Multidisciplinary Conceptual Design

Despite the need for highly qualified experts, multidisciplinary gas turbine conceptual design has not been a common study topic in traditional postgraduate curriculums. Although many courses on specialized topics in gas turbine technology take place, limited attention is given on connecting these individual topics to the overall engine design process. Teaching conceptual design as part of a postgraduate curriculum, or as an intensive short course, may help to address the industrial need for engineers with early qualifications on the topic, i.e., prior to starting their careers in the gas turbine industry. This paper presents details and lessons learned from: (i) the integration of different elements of conceptual design in an existing traditional Master of Science (MSc) course on gas turbine technology through the introduction of group design tasks and (ii) the development of an intensive course on gas turbine multidisciplinary conceptual design as a result of an international cooperation between academia and industry. Within the latter course, the students were grouped in competing teams and were asked to produce their own gas turbine conceptual design proposals within a given set of functional requirements. The main concept behind the development of the new design tasks, and the new intensive course, has been to effectively mimic the dynamics of small conceptual design teams, as often encountered in industry. The results presented are very encouraging in terms of enhancing student learning and developing engineering skills.

Lessons Learned From the Development of Courses on Gas Turbine Multi-Disciplinary Conceptual Design

Despite the need for highly qualified experts, multi-disciplinary gas turbine conceptual design has not been a common study topic in traditional post-graduate curriculums. Although many courses on specialised topics in gas turbine technology take place, limited attention is given on connecting these individual topics to the overall engine design process. Teaching conceptual design as part of a post-graduate curriculum, or as an intensive short course, may help to address the industrial need for engineers with early qualifications on the topic i.e., prior to starting their careers in the gas turbine industry. This paper presents details and lessons learned from: (i) the integration of different elements of conceptual design in an existing traditional MSc course on gas turbine technology through the introduction of group design tasks, and (ii) the development of an intensive course on gas turbine multi-disciplinary conceptual design as a result of an international cooperation between academia and industry. Within the latter course, the students were grouped in competing teams and were asked to produce their own gas turbine conceptual design proposals within a given set of functional requirements. The main concept behind the development of the new design tasks, and the new intensive course, has been to effectively mimic the dynamics of small conceptual design teams, as often encountered in industry. The results presented are very encouraging, in terms of enhancing student learning and developing engineering skills.