Experimental and Theoretical Study on the False Positive of Monomethyltin Determination in Toys Based on Gastric Juice Migration

Background. Organic tin compounds (OTCs), a group of high-risk hazardous substances, are highly concerned in safety regulation of consumer products especially for toys because they can cause serious damage to organs after prolonged or repeated exposure. Gastric juice migration is nowadays widely implemented to assess organic tin intake from toys or food-contact materials; however, the followed up detection method using sodium tetraethylborate [NaB(Et4)] as a derivatization agent may directly lead to false positive of monomethyltins (MMT). Objective. In order to avoid the phenomena of false positive of MMT in the course of laboratory testing of toys, it is necessary and important to perform relative experimental and theoretical studies to reveal the cause of false positive of MMT. Method. With metal tin powder as a representative of inorganic tin which existed in real samples, it was treated with artificial gastric juice (0.07 mol/L·HCl), followed by ethyl derivatization using sodium tetraethylborate [NaB(Et)4] and then analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) according to the procedure specified in the standard of EN 71-3:2013+A3:2018 issued by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Results. Without any OTCs in the starting materials, MMT false positive can be reproduced by detecting 0.56 mg/L of triethylmethyltin (TEMT) together with approximately 1000 mg/L of tetraethyltin (TeET), which is similar to real samples. Further, it is demonstrated that the detected amount of TEMT is linearly related with the added amount of NaB(Et)4, and that the formation of TEMT (methyl derivative) is easier than TeET (ethyl derivative) even though the ethyl group is present in a larger amount than the methyl group. Conclusions. The phenomena of MMT false positive which occurred in the laboratory testing of toys is mainly because that TEMT is highly likely to be obtained from the reaction of inorganic tin and trace level of methylation agent impurities contained in the derivatization reagent—NaB(Et)4. To avoid MMT false positive, it is concluded that the maximum acceptable mole ratio of methylation agent impurities contained in NaB(Et)4 is approximately 0.028%. This research is helpful to be aware of methylation impurities and is favorable to avoid false judgment caused by MMT false positive in routine analysis of toys.

The Propedeutic of the Theory of Judgment in Ancient Philosophy from the Sophists to Plato’s Theaetetus

In the ancient epistemology, precisely stated definition of judgment (axioma) appears only in the 3rd century B.C. It was formulated by Chrysippus of Soli, the founder of the Stoic logic. However, on the other hand, the analysis of the extant utterances in which the knowledge had been objectified since the first Greek thinkers, allows us to state that the evolution of the theory of judgment was a long process. In this development, Greek epistemology had to deal with a number of problems connected with the object of the judgment –– knowledge, with the form of its objectification –– predication, and also with the predicates of the true and false judgment –– categories of “truth” (aletheia) and “falsehood” (pseudos). The first definition of the false judgement (logos pseudes) and the true judgment (logos alethes) can be found only in the late dialogue of Plato, Sophist, which delivers precisely established terminology of the theorem. Yet, such a definition could be formulated only when Greek epistemology re-defined the scope of the meaning of the key terms-concepts, aletheia and pseudos. The term-concept aletheia was identified with the term-concept being, functioning in the ontological-axiological sphere. On the other hand, pseudos did not mean false in the sense of negating the truth, but something, which is different than truth, is its imperfect copy. Thus, the pre-Platonic philosophy has not yet formulated the terminology in which predication of something inconsistent with the actual state of being, with the truth, could be verbalized. Often to express such a form of predication, a phrase “to utter things, which are not” was used. The other problem was connected with –– characteristic ofthe Greek language –– dual function of the verb to be/einai, which included both existential and truthful function. Accordingly, every utterance, in which the predicate was the verb einai or its derivates, was ex definitione a true predication –– “it spoke beings (things, which are).” In such a situation, there was noneed in epistemology to precisely define judgment as such, and to state the conditions which the true judgment hadto meet. The problem is definitely solved by Plato in his dialogue Theaetetus, in which the philosopher defines the object of the judgment, which is knowledge (however, its object is not stated yet) and introduces the project of verification of the utterances/opinion, thanks to which an opinion ––doxa can reach the status of judgment ––logos. An opinion needs to be verified with the dialectical procedures.

Molecular and living cell dynamic assays with optical microscopy imaging techniques

Compared with the conventional ensemble averaged measurements, single object analysis with optical microscopy can obtain the heterogeneous behavior of many individual objects, avoiding false judgment. Moreover, higher spatial and temporal resolution has been achieved by various optical imaging technologies.

The Penerapan Budaya Korporat dan Nilai Positif oleh Pendakwah Selebriti

The excitement in dealing with human capital often leads to false judgment so that human capabilities are often seen only from the ability to generate economic returns. However, the true value lies in the unified and balanced development of human beings, and it becomes a corporate culture in its environment. The aim of the study is to identify the corporate culture and the positive values that women preachers make to themselves, families and communities. Using qualitative methods, in-depth interviews were conducted jointly with Muhaya Mohamad and Robiah K. Hamzah and the analysis of the documents on his writing books were implemented. While analyzing data, this article uses inductive methods, where it collects and displays information, to clarify and describe the informants' views of positive values practiced in self-management, family and society, and inferring from the information obtained. The discussion found in self-management, there are 10 positive values applied by the informant, namely the net of the faith, the true worship, the strong, the strong in his body, the intellect in thought, the strong in his lust, the earnest of his time, arranged in his affairs, and useful to others. While in managing families, informants practice shura, teamwork and leader-follower concepts. Furthermore, in managing the community, the relationship with God and human relations is emphasized. The findings show that corporate culture and positive values are needed to drive good economic progress, thus creating a distinctive character of humanity. The female celebrity preachers are examining the positive values that include self-management, family and community and include relationships with God and human relationships. ABSTRAK Keghairahan dalam memperkatakan tentang modal insan seringkali membawa kepada penilaian yang salah sehingga keupayaan manusia seringkali dilihat hanya dari keupayaan untuk menghasilkan pulangan ekonomi. Walhal, nilai sebenarnya terletak kepada pembangunan insannya yang terpadu dan seimbang, lalu menjadi satu budaya korporat dalam lingkungannya. Matlamat kajian ini ialah untuk mengenal pasti budaya korporat dan nilai-nilai positif yang dilakukan oleh pendakwah selebriti wanita terhadap diri sendiri, keluarga dan masyarakat. Dengan menggunakan kaedah kualitatif, temubual secara mendalam dilaksanakan bersama dengan Prof. Dr. Muhaya Mohamad dan Dr Robiah K. Hamzah serta analisis dokumen terhadap buku-buku penulisan beliau dilaksanakan. Manakala untuk menganalisis data, artikel ini menggunakan kaedah induktif, di mana ia mengumpul dan memaparkan maklumat, bagi menjelaskan dan menghuraikan pandangan informan tentang nilai-nilai positif yang dibudayakan dalam pengurusan diri, keluarga dan masyarakat, seterusnya dibuat kesimpulan daripada maklumat-maklumat yang diperoleh. Perbincangan mendapati dalam mengurus diri, terdapat 10 nilai positif yang diaplikasikan oleh informan, iaitu bersih akidahnya, benar ibadahnya, kukuh akhlaknya, kuat jasmaninya, intelek dalam berfikir, kuat melawan hawa nafsunya, bersungguh-sungguh menjaga waktunya, tersusun dalam urusannya, mampu berusaha sendiri dan bermanfaat bagi orang lain. Manakala dalam mengurus keluarga, informan mengamalkan syura, kerja berpasukan dan konsep kepimpinan-kepengikutan. Seterusnya, dalam mengurus masyarakat, hubungan dengan Allah dan hubungan sesama manusia dititikberatkan. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa budaya korporat dan nilai positif memang diperlukan untuk memacu kemajuan ekonomi yang baik, sekaligus mewujudkan ciri-ciri unggul keinsanan. Pendakwah selebriti wanita yang dikaji menerapkan nilai-nilai positif yang syumul yang merangkumi pengurusan diri, keluarga dan masyarakat serta merangkumi hubungan dengan Allah dan hubungan sesama manusia.

Sepsis: From Pathophysiology to Individualized Patient Care

Sepsis has become a major health economic issue, with more patients dying in hospitals due to sepsis related complications compared to breast and colorectal cancer together. Despite extensive research in order to improve outcome in sepsis over the last few decades, results of large multicenter studies were by-and-large very disappointing. This fiasco can be explained by several factors, but one of the most important reasons is the uncertain definition of sepsis resulting in very heterogeneous patient populations, and the lack of understanding of pathophysiology, which is mainly based on the imbalance in the host-immune response. However, this heroic research work has not been in vain. Putting the results of positive and negative studies into context, we can now approach sepsis in a different concept, which may lead us to new perspectives in diagnostics and treatment. While decision making based on conventional sepsis definitions can inevitably lead to false judgment due to the heterogeneity of patients, new concepts based on currently gained knowledge in immunology may help to tailor assessment and treatment of these patients to their actual needs. Summarizing where we stand at present and what the future may hold are the purpose of this review.

Ockham on the (In)fallibility of Intuitive Cognition

The main purpose of this paper is to reassess the debate between Boehner and Karger about Ockham’s views on the infallibility of intuitive cognition, and to present a new account of infallible intuitive cognition. After a detailed overview of Ockham’s theory of intuitive and abstractive cognition, the Boehner/Karger debate is examined. At the center of this debate are two conflicting interpretations of a certain passage in Ockham’s writings. It is shown that neither of these interpretations is ultimately successful. Next, a third interpretation is introduced and shown to be superior to the previous two. This new interpretation leads to a refutation of one of Karger’s main arguments against Boehner’s theory of the infallibility of intuitive cognition. Finally, a distinction between weak and strong infallibility is introduced (based on whether the intuitive cognition causes a false judgment, or merely co-occurs with it), and it is argued that intuitive cognition is always weakly infallible, and often (but not always) also strongly infallible.