Strategy Towards Active Food Packaging Material From Cellulose Nanoparticles and its Characterization

The utilization of agro-industrial wastes such as sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as a source of cellulose has influenced a wide range of interest in various applications such as food packaging, drug delivery, paper production, etc. Owing to the rich source of cellulose in SCB, the nanoparticle was prepared efficiently. The pure form of cellulose was isolated from SCB by eliminating the remaining components such as hemicellulose and lignin by treating SCB with a soluble base and a bleaching agent. Cellulose nanoparticles were synthesized from the purified cellulose by acid hydrolysis using H2SO4 followed by dialysis to remove sulfate ions and attain neutrality. The obtained nanoparticles were characterized using FTIR spectroscopy that helped to confirm the exclusion of lignin and hemicellulose. The crystalline nature of the cellulose nanoparticles (CNPs) was confirmed using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The morphology of CNPs was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the particle size of CNPs was found to be 189 nm by particle size analysis (PSA). Further, this study proved the nanomaterial preparation from agro-wastes can be utilized to develop food packaging film in food industries.

Study on the Pretreatment of Soil Hyperspectral and Na+ Ion Data under Different Degrees of Human Activity Stress by Fractional-Order Derivatives

Soluble salts in saline soil often exist in the form of salt base ions, and excessive water-soluble base ions can harm plant growth. As one of the water-soluble base ions, Na+ ion, is the main indicator of the degree of soil salinization. The pretreatment of visible, near infrared and short-wave infrared (VNIR-SWIR) spectroscopy data is the key to establishing a high-precision inversion model, and a proper pretreatment method can fully extract the effective information hidden in the hyperspectral data. Meanwhile, different degrees of human activity stress will have an impact on the ecological environment of oases. However, there are few comparative analyses of the data pretreatment effects for soil water-soluble base ions on the environment under different human interference conditions. Therefore, in this study, the difference in the degree of soil disturbance caused by human activities was used as the basis for dividing the experimental area into lightly disturbed area (Area A), moderately disturbed area (Area B) and severely disturbed zone (Area C). The Grünwald-Letnikov fractional-order derivative (FOD) was used to preprocess the VNIR-SWIR spectroscopic data measured by a FieldSpec®3Hi-Res spectrometer, which could fully extract the useful information hidden in the FOD of the VNIR-SWIR spectroscopy results and avoid the loss of information caused by the traditional integer-order derivative (1.0-order, 2.0-order) pretreatment. The spectrum pretreatment was composed of five transform spectra (R,R, 1/R, lgR, 1/lgR) and 21 FOD methods (step size is 0.1, derivative range is from 0.0- to 2.0-order). In addition, this manuscript compares and analyzes the pretreatment advantages between fractional-order and integer-order. The main results were as follows: (1) Grünwald-Letnikov FOD can reveal the nonlinear characteristics and variation laws of the field hyperspectral of saline soil, namely, due to the continuous performance of the order selection, the FOD accurately depicts the details of spectral changes during the derivation process, and improves the resolution between the peaks of the hyperspectral spectrum. (2) There is a big difference in the shape of the correlation coefficient curve between the original hyperspectral and Na+ at different FOD. The correlation coefficient curve has a clear outline in rang of the 0.0- to 0.6-order, and the change trend is gentle, which presents a certain gradual form. With the continuous increase of the order of the FOD, the change range of the correlation coefficient curve is gradually increased, and the fluctuation is greater between the 1.0-order and the 2.0-order. (3) Regardless of the transformation spectrum and different interference regions, the improvement effect of the FOD on the correlation between hyperspectral and Na+ is significantly better than that of the integer-order derivative. Comparative analysis shows that he percentage of increase of the former is more than 3%, and the highest is more than 17%.

REVIEW : KARAKTERISTIK FISIK DAN DAYA IRITASI MINYAK ATSIRI BUNGA CENGKEH (Syzygium aromaticum) DALAM BEBERAPA TIPE BASIS SEBAGAI ANTI-INFLAMASI

This review aims to determine the types of bases that can be used every day, which are effective and efficient as anti-inflammatory drugs. The research method used was to review the development of clove essential oil formulations that have been carried out using various concentrations of various types of bases including M / A type cream, A / M type cream, water soluble base, lotion, emulgel, hydrocarbons, hydrogels and absorbents. The recommended formulation is type M / A cream with a concentration of 5% clove flower essential oil. The types of bases studied were M / A cream, type A / M cream, water soluble base, lotion, emulgel, hydrocarbons, hydrogels and absorption properties which had good physical properties and did not irritate the skin of the test animals. This review refers to several national and international journals released in the last ten years, from 2010 to 2020.

UJI DAYA HAMBAT ANTIBAKTERI SALEP EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN PANDAN HUTAN (Freycinetia sessiliflora Rizki.) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI Staphylococcus epidermidis

Freycinetia sessiliflora Rizki is a plant that has secondary metabolites, namely alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids-steroids, saponins, phenols and tannins. This study aims to determine whether there is inhibitory and concentrated ointment extract of thick pandanus leaf of the forest that can inhibit the growth of Stapylococcus epidermidis bacteria. Inhibition testing was carried out by disk diffusion method with different concentrations of 5% and 10% concentrations made 9 ointment formulas with a variety of 3 bases namely hydrocarbon base, absorbency base and water soluble base. The results of inhibitory measurements of ethanol extract ointment leaves of pandanus leaves are good or have the greatest value to the smallest inhibitory effect on the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria with an average diameter of inhibition at F6 of 4.11 mm, F1 of 2.78 mm, F3 of 2.68 mm, F5 of 2.47 mm, F4 of 2.25 mm, F2 of 2.23 mm, F7 of 1.29, F8 of 1.13 and F9 of 0.86 mm.

Formulasi Sediaan Salep Esktrak Etanol Daun Sirsak (Anonna mucirata L.) Dengan Variasi Basis Salep

The use of natural ingredients as traditional medicine with better use is now more in demand. This is because traditional medicine is relatively easy to obtain. One type of medicinal plant that is often used by the community is (Annona mucirata L). or better known as soursop. Soursop leaves (Anonna mucirata L.) have been widely used as a medicinal ingredient because it contains tannin and flavanoid compounds which can provide antibacterial effects. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of the compounds contained in soursop leaves (Anonna mucirata L.) and to formulate an ethanol extract ointment of soursop leaves (Anonna mucirata L.) with various ointment bases. This research was conducted using an experimental method in which evaluations of the ointment were carried out including the organoleptic test, pH test and homogeneity test. The results showed that ethanol extract of soursop leaves (Anonna mucirata L.) containing tannins and flavonoids. The results of the ointment formulation on the hydrocarbon base formulation, the absorption base formulation and the water soluble base formulation resulted in physical differences in the organoleptic test, but did not have different results on the homogeneity test and pH test. In conclusion, extract ethanol of soursop (Anonna mucirata L.) leaf contains tannin and flavanoid compounds. The ethanol extract ointment of soursop leaves (Anonna mucirata L.) with variations of FI (hydrocarbon base) and FII (absorption base) ointment has good ointment properties, while FIII (water-soluble base) does not have good physical properties because it has a dosage form which is liquid and smells rancid based on the organoleptic test. The ethanol extract ointment of soursop leaves (Anonna mucirata L.) with variations of FI (hydrocarbon base) and FII (absorption base) ointment has good ointment properties, while FIII (water-soluble base) does not have good physical properties because it has a liquid dosage form and smells rancid based on the organoleptic test. Keywords: ointment extract; soursop plant; ointment base ABSTRAK Pemanfaatan bahan alam sebagai obat tradisional dengan penggunaan yang lebih baik sekarang lebih diminati. Hal ini dikarenkan obat tradisional relatif mudah didapat. Salah satu jenis tanaman obat yang sering dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat adalah (Annona mucirata L). atau yang lebih di kenal dengan nama sirsak. Tanaman daun sirsak (Anonna mucirata L.) sudah banyak digunakan sebagai bahan obat karena mengandung senyawa tannin dan flavanoid yang mampu memberikan efek antibakteri. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui kandungan senyawa yang terdapat pada daun sirsak (Anonna mucirata L.) serta membuat formulasi sediaan salep esktrak etanol daun sirsak (Anonna mucirata L.) dengan variasi basis salep. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode experimental dimana dilakukan evaluasi terhadap salep yang dibuat meliputi uji organoleptik, uji pH dan uji homogenitas. Hasil penelitian ini yaitu ekstrak etanol daun sirsak (Anonna mucirata L.) mengandung senyawa tannin dan flavanoid, untuk hasil formulasi sediaan salep pada formulasi basis hidrokarbon, formulasi basis absorbsi dan formulasi basis larut air menghasilkan perbedaan fisik uji organoleptik, namun tidak memiliki hasil yang berbeda pada uji homogenitas dan uji pH. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan yaitu ekstrak estanol daun sirsak (Anonna mucirata L.) mengandung senyawa tannin dan flavanoid. Sediaan salep esktrak etanol daun sirsak (Anonna mucirata L.) dengan variasi basis salep FI (basis hidrokarbon) dan FII (basis absorbsi) memiliki sifat salep yang baik, sedangkan FIII (basis larut air) tidak memiliki sifak fisik yang baik karena memiliki bentuk sediaan yang cair dan bau tengik berdasarkan uji organoleptik. Kata kunci: ekstrak salep; tanaman daun sirsak; basis salep

Aryl Amination with Soluble Weak Base Enabled by a Water-Assisted Mechanism

Amination of aryl halides has become one of the most commonly practiced C–N bond-forming reactions in pharmaceutical and laboratory synthesis. The widespread use of strong or poorly soluble inorganic bases for amine activation nevertheless complicates the compatibility of this important reaction class with sensitive substrates as well as applications in flow and automated synthesis, to name a few. We report a palladium-catalyzed C–N coupling using Et₃N as a weak, soluble base, which allows a broad substrate scope that includes bromo- and chloro(hetero)arenes, primary anilines, secondary amines, and amide type nucleophiles together with tolerance for a range of base-sensitive functional groups. Mechanistic data have established a unique pathway for these reactions in which water serves multiple beneficial roles. In particular, ionization of a neutral catalytic intermediate via halide displacement by H₂O generates, after proton loss, a coordinatively-unsaturated Pd–OH species that can bind amine substrate triggering intramolecular N–H heterolysis. This water-assisted pathway operates efficiently with even weak terminal bases, such as Et₃N. The use of a simple, commercially available ligand, PAd₃, is key to this water-assisted mechanism by promoting coordinative unsaturation in catalytic intermediates responsible for the heterolytic activation of strong element-hydrogen bonds, which enables broad compatibility of carbon-heteroatom cross-coupling reactions with sensitive substrates and functionality.

Aryl Amination with Soluble Weak Base Enabled by a Water-Assisted Mechanism

Amination of aryl halides has become one of the most commonly practiced C–N bond-forming reactions in pharmaceutical and laboratory synthesis. The widespread use of strong or poorly soluble inorganic bases for amine activation nevertheless complicates the compatibility of this important reaction class with sensitive substrates as well as applications in flow and automated synthesis, to name a few. We report a palladium-catalyzed C–N coupling using Et₃N as a weak, soluble base, which allows a broad substrate scope that includes bromo- and chloro(hetero)arenes, primary anilines, secondary amines, and amide type nucleophiles together with tolerance for a range of base-sensitive functional groups. Mechanistic data have established a unique pathway for these reactions in which water serves multiple beneficial roles. In particular, ionization of a neutral catalytic intermediate via halide displacement by H₂O generates, after proton loss, a coordinatively-unsaturated Pd–OH species that can bind amine substrate triggering intramolecular N–H heterolysis. This water-assisted pathway operates efficiently with even weak terminal bases, such as Et₃N. The use of a simple, commercially available ligand, PAd₃, is key to this water-assisted mechanism by promoting coordinative unsaturation in catalytic intermediates responsible for the heterolytic activation of strong element-hydrogen bonds, which enables broad compatibility of carbon-heteroatom cross-coupling reactions with sensitive substrates and functionality.

New Formulation and Evaluation of Camptothecin Encapsulated and/or Dispersed Suppository

Background: Camptothecin is known for a potent anticancer activity. However, its optimal activity is reduced due to its low solubility and stability in biological media. Objective: The aim of present study is to design and characterize a camptothecin (CPT) suppository formulation. Methods: Rectal suppositories of: camptothecin alone, encapsulated with cyclodextrin (CD) and in ternary system (CPT encapsulated with cyclodextrin and dispersed in polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000) were prepared using various hydrophobic and hydrophilic polymeric bases as semi-synthetic glyceride (Suppocire® AM Pellets) and polyethylene glycols (PEGs) mixtures. Formulations were evaluated by various parameters like weight variation, drug content, hardness and liquefaction time. In vitro release study was performed in USP type I apparatus using phosphate buffer pH 7.2 as dissolution media. Results: Suppositories were within the permissible range of all physical parameters. In vitro drug released from water soluble base (PEG) was greater than that from oil soluble base with ninety percent (90%) of drug dissolution. It was also established that drug release from various formulations was by diffusion mechanism according to Higuchi’s equation. Conclusion: This new formulation offers a new approach to colorectal cancer treatment by offering an alternative and simple drug administration route.

Self Healing Concrete by Adding Bacillus Megaterium MTCC with Glass & Steel Fibers

In this paper, compression, flexural, tensile and abrasion tests are instituted by the addition of Bacillus megaterium MTCC with glass and steel fibers. The fundamental goal regarding this examination assignment is by segregate than apprehend calcite encouraging microscopic organisms yet in conformity with appearing at the reasonableness over these microorganisms because of utilizes among cement in conformity with enhancing its multiplication yet strength. Microorganisms in imitation of remain fused of cement duly after remaining soluble inferior proof by undergoing the high pH on cement and endospore-shaping after standing up to the mechanical anxieties actuated into cement during blending. They must show excessive urease work in conformity with inspiring calcium carbonate as calcite. Bacterial traces had been separated beyond soluble base exams on an embodied manufacturing range yet have been tried for urease movement, the dynamic in conformity with body endospores or precipitation over calcium carbonate. Considering its outcomes, she has been identified so Bacillus megaterium BSKAU, Bacillus licheniformis BSKNAU or Bacillus flexus BSKNAU. The effects have been contrasted Bacillus megaterium yet MTCC 1684 obtained from Microbial Type Culture Collection or bio life LTD, Hyderabad, India. In that trial with the aid of utilizing Bacillus megaterium MTCC1964 (105 cells/ml over blending water) or calcium lactate (5 g/lit) is utilized. The metal filaments 0 %, 0.5 %, 1.0 %, or 1.5 % yet glass strands 0 %, 0.5 %, 1.0 %, 1.5 % and 2.0 % added in accordance with the sure and reckon the stress esteems because 7, 14 and 28 days. In this effect, we watched high-pressure multiplication within glass filaments at 1% than steel strands at 1.5 %. These stage regarding glass strands then steel strands added according to the bacterial strong at to that amount factor discern the strain exorcism because blocks, pliancy because court of justice yet flexural attribute because bars at 7, 14, 28, 60 years old days. we either count the UPV take a look at for shapes and cantrobro take a look at because courthouse at 28 days historic and 60 days. SEM trial is done after discovering the propinquity concerning caco3 among Bacterial cement.