AGRAMMATIC PATIENT’S DUAL CODING PROCESS IN SENTENCE COMPREHENSION

This paper reports on a study on the dual coding process involved in an agrammatic patient when comprehending sentences using a sentence to picture matching test. The test was undertaken at The National Stroke Association of Malaysia (NASAM), Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. The current study employs the theory of Paivio’s (1991) Dual Coding Theory (DCT) as an explanation for the agrammatic patient’s ability to comprehend active and passive sentences and adopts an influential hypothesis by Grodzinsky’s (1990) Trace Deletion Hypothesis (TDH) concerning agrammatism that characterises agrammatic patients as a good comprehender of Subject Verb Object (SVO) sentence structure, the active sentence but as bad comprehenders of Object Verb Subject (OVS) sentence structure, the passive sentences. A comprehension test, the Sentence to Picture Matching Test designed by Christensen (2001) has been adopted in this study to examine the suitability of dual coding theory as an explanation for the agrammatic patient’s comprehension ability. The performance of the patient’s comprehension pattern in this study supports the account of TDH and in general, the findings of this study suggest that sentence to picture matching test could be used to investigate the dual coding process of the agrammatic patient.

Pesan Dakwah pada Media Sosial

Grup Line Takeru mengemas pesan suara berisikan pesan dakwah yang berkaitan dengan kehidupan sehari-hari. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui unsur semantik, sintaksis, stilistik dan retoris pada pesan suara Grup tersebut. Teori yang digunakan adalah teori wacana Teun A. Van Dijk. Struktur wacana yang digunakan, yaitu struktur makro, superstruktur dan mikro. Penulis membatasi hanya pada struktur mikro. Elemen semantik dari pesan suara dalam Grup tersebut yaitu makna yang ditekankan dengan memberikan detil. Pada elemen sintaksis bentuk kalimat yang tersusun umumnya bentuk kalimat aktif dengan kata ganti orang pertama (jamak). Pada elemen stilistik pilihan kata yang digunakan umumnya menggunkan “kita”. Elemen retoris, ekspresi yang tergambar yaitu optimis dan semangat. Dapat disimpulkan pada tahapan semantik pesan suara pada Grup Line Takeru menyampaikan detil mengenai aqidah dan akhlak. Tahapan sintaksis pesan suara disampaikan dalam bentuk kalimat aktif. Tahapan stilistik pilihan kata pada pesan suara umum digunakan dan dapat dipahami. Tahapan retoris berisi ekspresi narasumber. The Line Takeru group packs voicemail containing missionary messages related to everyday life. This research is intended to study the elements, syntax, stylistic and rhetorical in the voices of the Group. The theory used is discourse theory Teun A. Van Dijk. The discourse structure used, namely macro structure, superstructure and micro. The author agrees only on microstructure. The semantic element of voicemail in the Group is the meaning provided by providing details. In the syntactic elements arranged form sentences are generally active sentence forms with first person pronouns (plural). In the stylistic element the choice words used generally use "us". Rhetorical elements, the enthusiasm that is reflected is optimism and enthusiasm. It can be concluded that the semantic stage of the message in the Takeru Line Group is detailed about aqeedah and morality. The syntactic stages of voicemail are delivered in the form of active sentences. Stylistic stages of the choice of words in voice messages are commonly used and can be understood. The rhetorical stage contains the expression of the resource person.

Planning of active and passive voice in German

This eye-tracking experiment investigated how morphological case affects German speakers’ descriptions of transitive events, specifically whether explicit case marking modulates speakers’ structural choices. To increase the production of non-canonical structures (passive, patient-initial active), we primed patients in event scenes with a red dot. Subject and object case in German are unambiguously marked on masculine nouns but not on feminine nouns. If explicit case marking requires more structural planning, we should find an effect of gender. For feminine nouns, speakers may start with the cued patient and continue with a passive or a patient-initial active sentence. However, analyses of syntactic choice, speech onset times and eye gaze revealed that gender and thus case marking had no effect on sentence planning

Agent demotion through inverted word order

Passivization has been characterized as a strictly morphological phenomenon. Some definitions of passivization even require the passive construction to exhibit special verbal morphology. Increasingly, however, there have been descriptions of languages that have “morphology-free” passive constructions. This paper presents data from Ulwa, a Papuan language of the Sepik region of Papua New Guinea, which forms its passive constructions through a syntactic operation. Specifically, passives are formed through the inversion of subject and predicate. Whereas the canonical transitive active sentence in Ulwa has the basic constituent order SOV, the corresponding passive sentence has the order VS, where the S of the passive corresponds to the O of the active. Agent arguments are optional; when they do appear in passive constructions, they are marked as obliques. The Ulwa data support claims that it is possible for passivization to be a syntactic phenomenon that operates on the level of the clause.

Thematic role information is maintained in the visual object-tracking system

Thematic roles characterise the functions of participants in events, but there is no agreement on how these roles are identified in the real world. In three experiments, we examined how role identification in push events is supported by the visual object-tracking system. Participants saw one to three push events in visual scenes with nine identical randomly moving circles. After a period of random movement, two circles from one of the push events and a foil object were given different colours and the participants had to identify their roles in the push with an active sentence, such as red pushed blue. It was found that the participants could track the agent and patient targets and generate descriptions that identified their roles at above chance levels, even under difficult conditions, such as when tracking multiple push events (Experiments 1–3), fixating their gaze (Experiment 1), performing a concurrent speeded-response task (Experiment 2), and when tracking objects that were temporarily invisible (Experiment 3). The results were consistent with previous findings of an average tracking capacity limit of four objects, individual differences in this capacity, and the use of attentional strategies. The studies demonstrated that thematic role information can be maintained when tracking the identity of visually identical objects, then used to map role fillers (e.g., the agent of a push event) into their appropriate sentence positions. This suggests that thematic role features are stored temporarily in the visual object-tracking system.

PEMBENTUKAN VERBA ERGATIF DALAM BAHASA HOKKIEN: KAJIAN MORFOSINTAKSIS

This article is discussing about the formation of ergative verb in Hokkien. A language can be called as ergative if the patient (P) of the transitive verb is treated equally or conferential with the subject (S) in the intransitive clause and is different from the agent (A) of the transitive verb. Ergative verb treats P equally with S. It is usually no indication for both. Accusative sentence is a sentence which has a system where A is equal with S and is different with P. However, active sentence is a type of sentence which shows a group of S which are acting the same with P and a group of S which are acting the same with A in a language. In Hokkien, most verbs can be used intransitively, but usually this does not change the subject’s role. For example, “? c?ak m?en pau” (He eats bread) (transitive) and “? c?ak” (He eats) (intransitive), where the only difference is that the latter does not determine what is eaten. By contrast, with ergative verbs, the subject’s role changes; such as “Jack ph?? phua pua” (Jack broke the plate) (transitive) dan “pua phua” (the broken plate) (intransitive).

KALIMAT BAHASA SIANG

The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method because the method and technique of this research is fact findings that exist in the field as it is. Problem solved in this research are the problems associated with the system language syntax Siang. Thus, this study generally aims to collect data, analyze, and describe in depth and detail the syntax of the language system Siang. The results of this study indicate that the constituents of sentences in Siang include core constituents and constituents periphery. Common constituent sequence is the subject-predicate-object or simply the subject and predicate. Based on capital characteristics, characteristics, types, and patterns of sentences in Siang include declarative sentence, imperative and interrogative. Based on the characteristics of the predicate sentence in Siang include 1) an active sentence consisting of active transitive sentences, active bitransitif, active intransitive transitive and intransitive sentences, 2) stative sentence consists of stative sentences ejuatif, locative, descriptive, eksistensional, and possessive. Characteristics, types and patterns Siang language sentence by sentence with diathesis include diathesis active and passive voice

The formation of the kě 可 and kě yǐ 可以 constructions

This paper aims to explain the formation of the kě and kě yǐ constructions in archaic Chinese. We analyze a number of examples from the pre-Qin era to refute previous hypotheses that the kě construction is formed by adding kě to a notional passive, fronting the object in an active sentence including kě, or solely by reanalysis. Subsequently, a verb-moving-backward hypothesis is proposed: kě is used in the underlying structure ‘V-O’ + kě to comment on an already known proposition ‘V-O’, then V is moved to the end to avoid the top-heavy problem. Similarly, this hypothesis also accounts for the kě yǐ construction: kě in the underlying structure ‘yǐ-X-V-Y’ + kě is to comment on the serial verb structure ‘yǐ-X-V-Y’, which is interchangeable with ‘X-yǐ-V-Y’ forming ‘X-yǐ-V-Y’ + kě where ‘yǐ-V-Y’ is moved after kě to avoid the top-heavy problem. Moreover, the “verb moving backward” hypothesis provides new insights into the formation process of similar constructions (e.g., nán 难 ‘be difficult to V,’ yì 易 ‘be easy to V,’ zú 足 ‘be sufficient to V’ constructions) in ancient Chinese, as well as the study of tough constructions.

PEMARKAH DIATESIS DALAM BAHASA WOLIO

Wolionese language is the language spoken by the people in Bau-Bau, Southeast Sulawesi. The objective of this study is to describe active-passive voice of Wolionese that has not been widely studied. This study applied descriptive qualitative approachusing basic method, direct constituent division and advanced method form changing. The data were obtained by using cooperative method. The change of active sentence structure into passive sentence in Wolionese has its own pattern. Based on the data analysis of the active-passive voice of Wolionese, the result shows that Wolionese has specific markers attached in the verbs of the sentences to form or change from active voice to passive voice and vice versa. In the active voice, the markers found are ku-, ta-, u-, and a- that always be attached in the beginning of the verbs. They sometimes are also followed by -aka, -mo attached in the end of the verb. Meanwhile, in the passive voice there are also several markers found, they are -a, to- and i- that are attached in the end of the verb (-a) and in the beginning of the verb (to- and i-).