The Stroop Effect From a Mixture of Reading Processes: A Fixed-Point Analysis

For the last 80 years, the Stroop task has been used to test theories of attention and cognitive control and it has been applied in many clinical settings. Most theories posit that the overwhelming power of written words overcomes strict instructions to focus on print color and ignore the word. Recent evidence suggests that trials in the Stroop task could in fact be a mixture of reading trials and non-reading trials. Here we conduct a critical test of this mixture hypothesis, where a mixture of processes should satisfy the xed-point property (Falmagne, 1968).

Contingency Learning Tracks With Stimulus-Response Proportion

We investigate the processes involved in human contingency learning using the color-word contingency learning paradigm. In this task, participants respond to the print color of neutral words. Each word is frequently presented in one color. Results show that participants respond faster and more accurately to words presented in their expected color. In Experiment 1, we observed better performance for high- relative to medium-frequency word-color pairs, and for medium- relative to low-frequency pairs. Within the medium-frequency condition, it did not matter whether the word was predictive of a currently-unpresented color, or the color was predictive of a currently-unpresented word. We conclude that a given word facilitates each potential response proportional to how often they co-occurred. In contrast, there was no evidence for costs associated with violations of high-frequency expectancies. Experiment 2 further introduced a novel word baseline condition, which also provided no evidence for competition between retrieved responses.

Student Perceptions of Textbook Layout and Learnability in Private Schools

This research is an exploratory study that investigates students’<br />perceptions pertinent to textbook layout and organization and their<br />evaluation of the textbook ease of learning. The objective is to find<br />out whether the layout dynamics of school textbooks make any<br />difference in students’ interest in studying or subject understanding.<br />73 students from various private schools of Pakistan’s<br />cosmopolitan city Karachi responded to a quantitative survey that<br />gauged their perceptions regarding textbook components such as<br />paper, print, color, and textbook pedagogical features. Findings<br />indicate that students rank print and color above paper quality, and<br />that there is no particular relationship between a book layout and the<br />actual use of textbooks.

Near Infrared Spectrum Based Color Detection Modeling in Printing

It exits nonlinear relationship between near infrared spectrum and print color. We could make use of diffuse spectrometric to get the near infrared spectra of print sample. The traditional method is using the partial least squares (PLS) to establish relation mathematical model, but the partial least squares (PLS) has the problem of low accuracy and bigger training sample size. The least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) is presented in the paper to establish prediction model of print color. The result shows that the LS-SVM model has higher accuracy than PLS model.

Analysis on Ink Layer Rub Resistance for Coated Paper Prints

Having been coated, the surface unevenness and pores on paper were covered by a coating layer composed of fine particles and binders, which can absorb ink well, thereby a good uniformity and smoothness of paper could be obtained, consequently, the reproducing capability for printing dot and good whiteness, gloss and opacity can be improved. In theory, the ink rub resistance for coated paper print is mainly affected by the ink absorbance property of paper, printing conditions, ink components, rub medium and so on. In this study, seven different kinds of coated papers, the viscosities of the inks were adjusted with a viscosity adjusting agent, and then the prints were prepared by proofing with the ink with different viscosities. After drying, the prints were used for rub testing. The impact of the basic properties of coated paper and the content of reducer in inks on rub resistance were discussed on the basis of a comparative analysis of the experimental data. Printing color density loss rate and print color difference were exploited in this paper to characterize the ink rub resistance for coated paper prints. In this study, it was found that ink rub resistance was mainly influenced by ink absorbency and smoothness of the paper. Under the similar conditions, the color density of coated paper print decreases with the rub strength increasing, color difference increased gradually, but not linearly. With the increase of ink viscosity reducer content, printing density loss rates as well as color difference changed, but not be linearly.

Effect of UV Curable Pretreatments on the Color Quality of Inkjet Printed Polyester Fabrics

Woven and knitted polyester fabrics were pretreated with formulations containing waterborne UV curable resins and silica particles to improve inkjet print quality. The selected formulations were applied with low add-on to reduce the adverse effect on fabric hand without sacrificing the print quality. A print pattern with block areas and lines in cyan, magenta, yellow, and black colors was designed and inkjet printed on the pretreated fabrics with a wide-format inkjet printer (Encad Novajet 750) to investigate the effects of the UV curable pretreatment on the inkjet print color qualities including color depth, color gamut and color lightness. Experimental results show that both the color depth and gamut of prints on the pretreated taffeta and knitted polyester fabrics were enhanced compared to those on untreated polyester fabrics. However, both the color depth and gamut of the prints on the pretreated satin polyester fabrics were reduced. The lightness change of the inkjet printed colors on pretreated knitted fabrics is similar to that of untreated fabrics whereas the lightness change of prints on pretreated satin and taffeta fabrics shows some differences. All colors have increased lightness on pretreated satin fabrics. However, magenta and black have decreased lightness on the pretreated taffeta fabrics.

The Color of Two Alphabets for a Multilingual Synesthete

Interviews with a multilingual synesthete (MLS), who experiences colored letters for Roman and Cyrillic alphabets and for digits, revealed stable synesthetic experiences over 2½ – 5 years. Colors of Cyrillic letters were based on Roman letters. Four Stroop tests involving both types of letters showed that MLS was able to name print color faster if the colors matched her synesthetic colors, showing that synesthesia is automatic. Letter-naming times for blocks of color were slower than those of actual letters, supporting unidirectionality of synesthesia. Stroop tests with Roman, but not Cyrillic, letters showed MLS acquired new temporary letter–color pairings and her color-naming times for these were not different from those for her original synesthetic colors.