The foundations of introspective access: how the relative precision of target encoding influences metacognitive performance

In metacognition research, objective performance is often matched between conditions, so that differences in type II performance (metacognition) cannot be attributed to differences in type I (task-related) performance. A recent study by Meuwese et al (2014) showed a difference in metacognitive ability when comparing metacognition in a detection and a categorization task. Interestingly, this difference only occurred in correct rejection trials, despite the fact that type I performance was matched between tasks. In the present study, we use a different manipulation to investigate the origin of these metacognitive asymmetries. We measured metacognition while matching performance in two visibility manipulations: phase-scrambling and the attentional blink. As in previous work, metacognitive asymmetries emerged: despite matched type 1 performance, metacognitive ability (measured by area under the ROC curve) for reporting stimulus absence was higher in the attentional blink condition. We performed Signal Detection Theoretic (SDT) modeling of the results, showing that differences in metacognition under equal type I performance can be explained when the variance of the signal and noise distributions are unequal. Specifically, the present study suggests that phase scrambling signal trials have a wider distribution (more variability) than attentional blink signal trials, leading to a larger area under the ROC curve for attentional blink trials where subjects reported stimulus absence. These results provide a theoretical basis for the origin of metacognitive differences on trials where subject report stimulus absence, and may also explain previous findings where the absence of evidence during detection tasks results in lower metacognitive performance when compared to categorization.

Variability of the Pressure Measurements Exerted by the Tip of Laryngoscope During Laryngeal Sensory Testing: A Clinical Demonstration

Purpose Clinicians often test laryngeal sensation by touching the laryngeal mucosa with the tip of a flexible laryngoscope. However, the pressure applied to the larynx by using this touch method is unknown, and the expected responses elicited by this method are uncertain. The variability in pressure delivered by clinicians using the touch method was investigated, and the subject responses to the touches were also reported. Methods A fiberoptic pressure sensor passed through the working channel of a laryngoscope, with its tip positioned at the distal port of the channel. Two examiners each tested 8 healthy adults. Each examiner touched the mucosa covering the left arytenoid 3 times. The sensor recorded the pressure exerted by each touch. An investigator noted subject responses to the touches. From the recorded videos, the absence or presence of the laryngeal adductor reflex in response to touch was judged. Results Pressure values obtained for 46 of the 48 possible samples ranged from 17.9 mmHg to the measurement ceiling of 350.0 mmHg. The most frequently observed response was positive subject report followed by the laryngeal adductor reflex. Conclusion Pressure applied to the larynx by using the touch method was highly variable, indicating potential diagnostic inaccuracy in determining laryngeal sensory function.

PROCESSO ÉTICO DE ENFERMAGEM NO ESTADO DO CEARÁ: REFLEXÃO PARA PRÁTICA PROFISSIONAL

Objetivo: analisar os processos éticos de enfermagem relacionados à prática profissional. Metodologia: estudo descritivo, documental, retrospectivo. Aplicou-se formulário com as informações: assunto/denúncia do processo, categoria do profissional de enfermagem envolvido no processo ético e desfecho com a penalidade recebida pelo Conselho Regional de Enfermagem. Em março a maio de 2016, analisou-se 59 processos éticos; desses, 20 foram arquivados e 39 julgados, divididos em categorias: enfermeiro, técnico de enfermagem e auxiliar de enfermagem. Resultados: as infrações que sobressaíram foram o exercício ilegal da profissão 16 (27,1%) e o irregular 11 (18,6%). Quanto à categoria profissional, evidenciou-se o enfermeiro em 29 (49,1%), o auxiliar de enfermagem em 19 (32,2%) e o técnico de enfermagem em 11 (18,6%). Conclusão: é necessário estimular a reflexão dos profissionais de enfermagem quanto aos erros cometidos, infrações e penalidades atribuídas.Descritores: Enfermagem, Ética em Enfermagem, Códigos de Ética.ETHICAL NURSING PROCESSES IN STATE OF CEARA: REFLECTION FOR PROFESSIONAL PRACTICEObjective: This study aimed to analyze the ethical nursing processes for professional practice. Method: This is a descriptive, retrospective and documentary study. A form was applied with the information subject/report procedure, professional category of nursing involved in the ethics process and outcome with the penalty received by the Regional Council of Nursing. In March-May 2016, 59 ethical procedures were analyzed, between these 20 were filed and 39 were judged, composed in categories: nursing, nursing technician and a health aide. Results: the violations that stood out were, the illegal practice of the occupation 16 (27.12%) and irregular practice of the profession 11 (18.64%). In relation to the professional category, highlighted the Nurse in 29 (49.15%), the health aide in 11 (18.6%). Conclusion: It is fundamental to encourage the reflection of nursing professionals about the mistakes, violations and penalties awarded.Descriptors: Nursing, Nursing Ethics, Codes of Ethics.PROCESO DE ÉTICA DE ENFERMERÍA EN EL ESTADO DE CEARÁ: REFLEXIÓN PARA LA PRÁCTICA PROFESIONALObjetivo: Analizar los procesos de enfermería éticos para la práctica profesional. Métodos: Estudio, documental, retrospectivo. Formulario aplicado a la queja la información está sujeta/proceso, categoría profesional de enfermería que participan en el proceso de la ética y el resultado con la pena recibida por el Consejo Regional de Enfermería. En marzo-mayo el año 2016, analizaron 59 procedimientos éticos, éstos se presentaron 20 y 39 juzgados, divididos en categorías: enfermera, técnico de enfermería y auxiliar de enfermería. Resultados: Los delitos que se destacaron fueron la práctica ilegal de 16 (27,1%) e irregular 11 (18,6%). En cuanto a la categoría profesional, se evidenció enfermerías 29 (49,1%), auxiliar de enfermería 19 (32,2%) y técnica 11 (18,6%). Conclusión: estimular la reflexión de los profesionales de enfermería acerca de los errores, las violaciónes y las exclusiones que se.Descriptores: Enfermería, Ética en Enfermería, Códigos de Ética.

The Importance of Professional Training for Establishing Psychological Health Workers

Training is an important part of modern European healthcare services and is often cited as a way to improve care quality. Health workers constantly participate in training aimed at enhancing their professional, although often noted lack of training adapted to their specific needs. The purpose of this study was to identify the needs for vocational training that nursing Shkodra need to handle psychologically their patients where specifically the main goal is to recognize the level of practical skills adviser to the profession of a nurse, techniques, application of these skills in hospital settings. Results of the study reported that about 63.3% of subject report that they are trained on the techniques of psychological counseling, about 18.5% of the subjects are familiar with these training through scientific articles, about 41.1%, through announcements made by the Directorate of Public Health, 18.5%, via the internet, 16.1% are recognized through curricula, 5.6% through newspapers. And 87.4% of subjects were equipped with skills and techniques to handle the emotional state of patients or their families, while 12.6% report that these exercises are not equipped with these skills, as about 90.7% of the sample report that would have liked to be trained to enhance their professional skills in dealing with emotional concerns etc.