A Case Study of Chinese Students Learning Thai as a Foreign Language: Flanders Interaction Analysis Category System

Interaction in foreign language classrooms has been regarded as a key factor in enhancing learning outcomes (Allwright, 1984; Ginting, 2017; Hanum, 2016). This study examined interactions in a specific university classroom context in Thailand where 28 Chinese students were learning Thai as a foreign language with a Thai teacher. It employed a mix-method design. Quantitative data were gathered based on a modified Flanders’ model (Flanders Interaction Analysis Category System or FIACS), and the qualitative data were gathered from classroom observations. The analysis of 90-minute video records and field notes from the observations of three classes reveal the domination of teacher’s talk (77.59%), and the minimal students’ talk (6.16%). Besides, silence time occupies 16.25%. Out of the total of 22 categories of interaction, no student talk can be categorized as an initiation of talk, and no teacher talk can be categorized as procedural lectures and assigning homework. Characteristics of the interaction varied according to the quantity and categories of talk. Transcription of verbatim from the videos reveals details of the interaction. Findings suggest that quantity, category, and characteristics of talk are interrelated and must all be improved together to increase the quality of interaction to affect student learning outcomes.

Alfabetização e Educação Literária: Contrastando Duas Formas de Mediação de Livros Literários na Escola

Resumo O foco deste texto, recorte de uma pesquisa mais ampla sobre alfabetização de crianças, é a educação literária no contexto escolar. O objetivo é abordar como duas docentes, colaboradoras da pesquisa e atuantes em uma turma de 2º ano da Rede Municipal de Recife, conduziram as mediações durante a leitura de livros literários, além de evidenciar e compreender as diferenças e semelhanças nessas mediações, revelando o processo de escolarização da literatura. Metodologicamente, trabalham-se com técnicas e ferramentas etnográficas, incluindo a observação participante e entrevistas; a categoria de análise central é o evento. Argumenta-se que as interações com o livro literário, mediadas por professores, precisam ocupar um lugar de destaque nos processos de alfabetização. Os resultados obtidos indicam que, nessa turma, esses ocuparam esse lugar, mas também apontam contrastes entre as formas de mediação do texto literário, que podem resultar em aprendizagens também diferentes para as crianças; além disso, deixam claro o processo inevitável de escolarização da literatura, com as marcas da cultura escolar, próprias do trabalho pedagógico com a alfabetização. Palavras-chave: Leitura. Literatura na escola. Etnografia. AbstractThe focus of this text, part of a broader research on children's literacy, is literary education in the school context. The objective is to address how two teachers, research collaborators and working in a 2nd year class, from the Municipal Network of Recife, conducted mediations while reading literary books, in addition to highlighting and understanding the differences and similarities in these mediations, revealing the literature schooling process. Methodologically, it is worked with ethnographic techniques and tools, including participant observation and interviews; the central analysis category of this study is the event. It is argued that interactions with the literary book, mediated by teachers, need to occupy a prominent place in literacy processes. The results obtained indicate that, in this class, they occupied this place, but also point out contrasts among the forms of the literary text mediation, which can result in different learning for children; in addition, they make clear the inevitable schooling literature process, with the marks of school culture, typical of pedagogical work with literacy. Keywords: Reading. School Literature. Ethnography.

Clinical decision-making of bachelor and clinical internship (professional) nursing students in Indonesia

Background: Clinical decision-making is an essential element of every professional nursing career. A nurse's aptitude for clinical decision-making influences the quality of the healthcare they provide. This research aims to describe the clinical decision-making among nursing students at Universitas Indonesia.Design and Methods: This research employed a cross-sectional design by sampling 216 students across several types and level of students programs in the University. The samples were selected using a stratified random sampling technique and met the inclusion criteria. The instrument of this research was the 2014 Nursing Decision Making Instrument (NDMI-R2014). The survey instrument was translated from English into Indonesian, and its validity and reliability were tested (α Cronbach value = 0.816).Results: The results of the univariate analysis revealed that students’ clinical decision-making abilities vary; 59.2% in the analysis category, 40.3% in the quasi-rational category, and 0.5% in the intuitive category.Conclusion: This research concludes that the clinical decision-making ability of bachelor and professional nursing students program is in the analysis category which indicate that students’ clinical decision-making abilities involve their explicit-theoretical knowledge and are supported by evidence-based practices. Therefore, their clinical decision-making can be logically defended, though it requires a longer duration of time to strengthen those abilities. The students’ clinical decision-making must continuously be improved to enable them to create precise decisions based on various situations and clinical conditions.

FRASA BAHASA MAIRASI (PHRASES IN MAIRASI LANGUAGE)

Frase hanya mengisi satu fungsi dalam klausa. Untuk memperkuat klarifikasi di atas dikutip satu pengertian frasa pendukung yang dibuat oleh Elson Pickket dan (1976: 73), yaitu “Frasa tersusun unit a dalam A, berpotensi lebih dari dua kata atau lebih, biasanya selalu diperhatikan tingkat klausa." Tersirat di sini pengertian bahwa frasa hanya berpotensi terdiri dari dua kata atau lebih dan jelas tidak melebihi ciri klausa yaitu hanya satu fungsi kecuali predikat [hubungan/tautan] dan objek dalam frasa konsekuensi untuk mewakili pengisi gatra pada klausa. Kesamaan inilah yang dipakai sebagai dasar untuk mengidentifikasi frasa dalam analisis penelitian ini. Berawal dari teori yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini yaitu menganalisis tagmemik, maka pembahasan selanjutnya akan dibagi menjadi analisis fungsi, kategori, dan peran interior masing-masing frasa. Kata Kunci: Frasa, bahasa Mairasi Various meaning and definition phrase have been made by various writer, but is not quit of congeniality phrase as a group word. In consequence, phrase basically [is] word group. If/When seen from facet forming [of] phrase, can be said that [by] phrase [is] word [relation/link] with word and word with suprasegmental elements and also situation that [do] not exceed subjek function boundary and predikat in clause. Thereby, phrase to represent word corps ( word with word, word with suprasegmental elements and situation) representing part of which not yet complete in a[n broader tuturan namely discourse and sentence ( Fautngil, 1997: 5). Phrase only filling one function in clause. To strengthen clarification above cited one congeniality [of] phrase supporting [it] made by Elson Pickket and ( 1976: 73), namely " Phrase composed unit a in A, potentially, words more or two or, typically which but, always note but, level clouse a of slot fills." Implicit here congeniality that frase only have potency [to] consist of two word or more and clearly [do] not exceed clause characteristic namely only one function except predikat [relation/link] and object in consequence phrase to represent gatra filler in clause. This congeniality [is] weared as basis for identify phrase in this research analysi. Starting from theory weared in this research namely analyse tagmemik, hence discussion hereinafter will be divided into function analysis, category, and role of[is each phrase interior.

Styles of teaching Science compared to job seniority and teacher’s education. The student’s perspective12

Czapla Małgorzata, Rataszewska Agata, Styles of teaching Science compared to job seniority and teacher’s education. The student’s perspective. Culture – Society – Education no 2(16) 2019, Poznań 2019, pp. 95–114, Adam Mickiewicz University Press. ISSN 2300-0422. DOI 10.14746/kse.2019.16.7.The article presents the manner of work of science teachers on the basis of students’ opinions. The research included 870 6th grade primary school students, whose teachers had different work experience and level of education. The authors used the diagnostic survey as the research method. Flander’s analysis category system was used for the analysis of classroom interactions. In order to establish the relationship between the pairs of quality variables, the chi-square test of independence was used. It has been found that the teaching style is consistent with an adopted teaching model. There are two main types of teaching models: a model based on cognitive psychology and behavioural psychology. The model is reflected in the teacher’s teaching style, which might be reactive or directive. In the students’ opinion science teachers, particularly those with the shortest work experience, most often transmit their knowledge to students during classes (directive style). Those with more seniority and experience encourage students to perform certain tasks more frequently (reactive style). Science teacher’s education does not influence the teaching style and the majorityof teachers prefer a syncretic style. Students of the teacherspreferring a directive style revealed lower interest in sciencethan those who were taught in reactive style.As a result of this disinterest, the studied students only occasionallyperformed activities in direct contact with nature.

Cuidados como categoría de análisis y orientación de las medidas socioeducativas para adolescentes en Uruguay (Care as an analysis category and orientation about socio-educational measures for adolescents in Uruguay)

El artículo aborda el problema de las medidas socioeducativas privativas de libertad destinadas a adolescentes en su tránsito por el Sistema Penal Juvenil Uruguayo. El objetivo es visibilizar cómo se compone de la ética del cuidado de agentes a cargo de la custodia de adolescentes. La investigación es de enfoque cualitativo y desarrolla un estudio de caso, único, descriptivo y en profundidad. Con enfoque etnográfico, desarrolla técnicas de entrevistas en profundidad, observación y análisis de documentos. En los resultados se pone de manifiesto el funcionamiento de la privación de libertad a través del análisis de tres elementos clave en las interacciones cotidianas en la institución: las vivencias de agentes a cargo de la custodia de adolescentes, sus interpretaciones y definiciones sobre las medidas socioeducativas y la población adolescente. Se concluye en la importancia de orientar la ejecución de las medidas socioeducativas desde el enfoque de los cuidados para mejorar las condiciones de la población adolescente en el sistema. The article addresses the issue of socio-educational confinement measures for adolescents in the path through the Uruguayan Juvenile Penal System. The aim is to highlight how the ethics of the care of agents in charge of the custody of adolescents is composed. The research is qualitative and develops a unique, descriptive and in-depth case study. From an ethnographic approach, it develops techniques of in-depth interviews, observation, and analysis of documents. The results show the functioning of the confinement measures through the analysis of three key elements of the institution’s daily interactions: the experiences of the agents in charge of the custody of adolescents, their interpretations and definitions on socio-educational measures and the adolescent population. It concludes on the importance of guiding the implementation of socio-educational measures from the care approach to improve the adolescent’s conditions in the system.

AN ANALYSIS OF LECTURER TALK DURING TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS OF ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

Researching teacher talk during teaching and learning process of English is essential because it offers practical implications for the improvement of teaching and learning process. However, there are still few studies which try to compare types of talk used by lecturers who teach content and skill subjects. This research investigates the types and the dominant types of lecturer talk during the teaching and learning process at an English Education Department. The participants were two English lecturers at a private University in Malang who taught Vocabulary (skill subject) and Poetry (content subject) classes. The researchers used an audio recorder to record the utterances by the lecturers. The data were analyzed qualitatively by using FIAC (Flanders Interaction Analysis Category). The types of lecturer talk produced by the lecturer who taught Vocabulary were Ask question, Give direction, Give lecture, Accept or use students’ idea, Praise or encourage, and Criticize or justify authority. The types of lecturer talk produced by the lecturer who taught Poetry were Give lecture, Ask question, Accept or use students’ idea, Give direction, Praise or encourage, and Criticize or justify authority. The most dominant types of talk produced by the lecturer who taught Vocabulary were Ask question and Give direction but Give lecture was the most dominant types of talk produced by the lecturer who taught Poetry. This finding indicates that types of course taught by lecturers affect the kinds of talk produced by the lecturers.

Turismo e identidad en San Miguel de Allende, México

El artículo aborda a la identidad como categoría de análisis desde una perspectiva turística en San Miguel de Allende (SMA). La investigación tuvo como soporte una metodología cualitativa sustentada en el método histórico y etnográfico. Entre los principales hallazgos figura que el turismo ha posicionado las manifestaciones culturales de los sanmiguelenses en las preferencias del público nacional e internacional, afianzando una serie de referentes identitarios que vinculan a la población local con su espacio físico y social, además de promover un turismo amigable y receptivo con visitantes de diferentes partes del mundo. Se concluye que los sectores público, social y privado, deben emprender un trabajo colaborativo para rescatar y afianzar la identidad. The article research the identity as an analysis category from a tourist perspective in San Miguel de Allende (SMA). The investigation had as support a qualitative methodology based on the historic and ethnographic method. Among the principal findings, tourism has been preferred in national and international public's as a cultural manifestation of the native population of San Miguel de Allende, supporting a series of identity references that link local population with their physical and social environment, besides that promotes a friendly and receptive tourism with visitors of different parts of the world. It is concluded that the public, social and private sectors must start a collaborative effort to rescue and support the identity.

Tingkat Popularitas dan Profitabilias Menu A’la carte Melalui Metode Menu Engineering Di Restaurant Rajo Makan Hotel Daima Kota Padang

The purpose of this research was to find out1how much the level of popularity and profitability of the a’la carte menu is through the engineering method at restaurant Rajo Makan at Daima Hotel in Padang City. The type of this research is descriptive quantitative research. This research used population sampling with 110 menus a'la carte of food and beverages as samples during June 2018. Techniques Data collection used the method of documentation, observation and interviews. The sources of data were from documents which are available documents.Then, data analyzedby using the engineering work sheet menu and group it through four box analysis. The results of the study showed that: from the 110 menus a'la carte foods and drinks at rajo makan restaurant during June 2018 in the four box analysis category classification. There are 18 menus classified as stars, 27 menus a'la carte classified as plowhorse categories, 47 menus a'la Carte belongs to the puzzle category, 18 a'la carte menus are classified as dogs.

Vivências na assistência à mulher: percepção das doulas

RESUMOObjetivo: conhecer a percepção das doulas quanto às suas vivências na assistência à mulher no pré-parto, parto e pós-parto. Método: trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa, do tipo descritiva, com sete doulas de uma casa de apoio à gestante. Coletaram-se os dados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, sendo submetidos à técnica de Análise de Conteúdo na modalidade Análise categorial. Resultados: emergiram-se quatro categorias: “Um trabalho que é serviço”; “Trabalho da doula no pré-parto: momento para a informação e o preparo da mulher”; “Trabalho da doula no parto: apoio contínuo e alívio da dor”; “Trabalho da doula no pós-parto: olhar voltado para a amamentação e perdas fetais”. Conclusão: conclui-se que os relatos demonstram o reconhecimento da importância da assistência por estas mulheres no período gestacional, parto e puerpério e sinalizam a necessidade de aprofundamento e reconhecimento de alguns eixos formativos para os cursos de formação das doulas. Descritores: Doulas; Pesquisa Qualitativa; Parto Humanizado; Capacitação Profissional; Saúde da Mulher; Parto Normal. ABSTRACT Objective: to know the perception of the doulas regarding their experiences in assisting women in prepartum, delivery and postpartum. Method: it is a qualitative research, of the descriptive type, with seven doulas of a house to support the pregnant woman. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews, being submitted to the Content Analysis technique in the category Analysis category. Results: four categories emerged: "A work that is service"; "Doula work in the prepartum: moment for the information and the preparation of the woman"; "Doula labor at childbirth: continuous support and pain relief"; "Doula's postpartum work: looking at breastfeeding and fetal losses". Conclusion: it is concluded that the reports show the recognition of the importance of the care provided by these women during the gestational, puerperal and puerperal periods and indicate the need for deepening and recognition of some formative axes for the doulas training courses. Descriptors: Doulas; Qualitative Research; Humanized Birth; Professional Training; Women's Health; Normal Birth. RESUMEN Objetivo: conocer la percepción de las doulas en cuanto a sus vivencias en la asistencia a la mujer en el preparto, parto y postparto. Método: se trata de una investigación cualitativa, del tipo descriptivo, con siete doulas de una casa de apoyo a la gestante. Se recolectaron los datos por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas, siendo sometidos a la técnica de Análisis de Contenido en la modalidad Análisis categorial. Resultados: surgieron cuatro categorías: "Un trabajo que es servicio"; "Trabajo de la doula en el preparto: momento para la información y la preparación de la mujer"; "Trabajo de la doula en el parto: apoyo continuado y alivio del dolor"; "Trabajo de la doula en el postparto: mirar hacia la lactancia y pérdidas fetales". Conclusión: se concluye que los relatos demuestran el reconocimiento de la importancia de la asistencia por estas mujeres en el período gestacional, parto y puerperio y señalan la necesidad de profundización y reconocimiento de algunos ejes formativos para los cursos de formación de las doulasDescritores: Doulas; Investigación Cualitativa; Parto Humanizado; Capacitación Profesional; Salud de la Mujer; Parto Normal.