Optimizing Textile Dyeing Wastewater Irrigation through Physiochemical Attributes of Tomato, Plant Nutrient Use Efficiency and Pollution Load Index of Irrigated Soil

This experiment considers the seven different stages of textile dyeing effluents on tomato crop production in order to diminish the excess effluent treatment plant (ETP) cost and farmers net input cost. Seven different stages waste water (WW) with ground water (control) were collected and analyzed for physiochemical as well as heavy metals properties. T8 (mixed effluent) crossed the limit of agricultural standard for almost all physiological parameters such as TDS, TSS, EC, BOD, COD affording the highest value. T8 also delivered the highest cl- and heavy metals like Cd, Ni, Cr followed by T4 (2nd wash after bath drain) < T7 (Fixing treatment water). As a consequence, these provided comparatively higher enrichment factor (EF), pollution load index (PLI) and sodium absorption ratio (SAR) to transform fresh soil into “severe” and “slightly to moderate” saline. Correlation matrix demonstrated that EF and PLI of heavy metals (except Cd, Ni) were negatively related to yield, while positively related to SAR and fruit abortion. Although T6 (2nd wash after soaping) performed better in respect to growth, yield, yield attributes and nutrient use efficiency, principal component analysis (PCA) expressed that T2 (2nd wash after scouring and bleaching) and T3 (enzyme treated water) also belong to T6 and T1 group (ground water). Therefore, T2, T3 and T6 could be used to vegetable crop production up to some extent and to reduce ETP and agricultural input cost.

Traceability and certification of seed potato by blockchain technology

The use of blockchain technology for the seed supply chain will bring a real change to seed management. It provides the ability to track the purity of the seed. The unique digital identity created for every batch of seeds provides a complete history of the seed supply chain providing transparency and visibility to the buyer. Potato is designated as “ Future Food” for food and nutritional security to the developing world by FAO in 2008 In Indian Agri-scenario potato’s is the fourth most important food crop after Rice, wheat, and maize. Potato, a vegetatively propagated crop, and its yield is affected by several factors. Among them, quality seed is one of the most important factors. Input cost for seed purchase goes upto 40 to 50 percent of the total input cost of the crop. The average yield increase from 30 to 50 percent by the use of good quality seed as compared to farmers’ seeds was reported by FAO in a document on potato in the Asia Pacific (https://www.fao.org/3/i0200e/I0200E05.htm). Punjab has earned the status of “Seed Bowl of Potato” which meets 90% of the total disease-free potato requirement of the country (Status report Department of Horticulture, Punjab). It stands 6th in total potato production of 2.87 million tonnes, recording productivity (28.70 t/ha) from an area of 1.06 lakh ha in 2019-20 (Horticulture Statistics Division, Department of Agri. & Cooperation). The government of Punjab (Department of Agri &farmers welfare) in the Year 2019 initiated the certification and traceability of seed potato to ensure optimum transparency. This task was entrusted to Punjab Agri Export Corporation (PAGREXCO) along with a Bangalore based company- Cropin Technology Solutions as the technology partner. Blockchain technology will be used to undertake certification and traceability of seed potato right from nucleus to seed level (harvest). In the crop season, 2019-20 a group of 23 farmers/seed producing agencies come under the umbrella with 1809.80 acres of seed potato of different varieties registered for certification. In the years 2020-21, the area under different stages of certification stands at 1499.63 acres.

PENGEMBANGAN KEBIJAKAN STANDAR BIAYA MASUKAN (SBM): BIAYA KONSUMSI KEGIATAN PENDIDIKAN DAN PELATIHAN

There is no specific regulation in input cost standard regarding the consumption costs of education and training activities causing a high variation in the allocation of unit costs in the consumption. This study aims to determine the need and urgency of special arrangements for education and training consumption costs. The study was conducted using a qualitative descriptive method with data sourced from budget work plans and interviews with several education and training units. The results showed that the unit compiles the allocation costs by referring to one meeting consumption unit as the highest limit. The unit requires special arrangements for training consumption costs. The recommendation from this study is that the regulation of consumption costs for training activities is given at a maximum of 80% of the unit cost of meeting consumption. This arrangement will answer the needs of the unit in making a cost reference, as an efficiency measure and establishing a similarity allocation.

Effect of Different Doses of Compost on Growth and Yield of Cotton

Effect of Different Doses of Compost on Growth and Yield of Cotton Cotton is main cash crop of Pakistan that is also called "white gold". Majority of farmers from Punjab and Sindh cultivate it and earn high value in market to improve their livelihood. It is very important crop for cotton industry and people because, it provide raw material to industry and job to workers who serve in this sector from sowing to harvesting,ginning to weaving and selling. Cotton sector play important role in National economy as it is also a rich source of edible oil. In current scenario, growing cotton is becoming costly due to use of expensive inputs. To play part in reducing input cost of cotton present study conducted. The study aimed to evaluate efficacy of compost developed from crop refuse at zero cost. For this purpose performance of three cotton varieties MNH 886, FH 142 and IR 901 checked at five doses100 Kg, 200 Kg, 300 Kg, 400 Kg and 500 Kg of compost per acre. Results revealed that MNH 886 performed good among all three varieties on all doses followed by FH 142 and IR 901 respectively. MNH 886 performed good than all others, where maximum seed germination recorded 72.67%, plant height 138.93 cm, root length 35.43 cm, numbers of branches11.56, numbers of bolls 45.78 and yield 1840 Kg per acre on 500 Kg compost per acre recorded.However, minimum seed germination 48.56%, plant height 93.02 cm, root length 25.24 cm, numbers of branches 8.67, numbers of bolls 11.89 and yield was recorded 1042 Kg on 100 Kg compost per acre. Same trend of maximum growth at 500 Kg and minimum at 100 Kg compost observed on FH142 and IR901.

Conjunctive use of organic and inorganic nutrient management on economics and quality of hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Field investigation was carried out during kharif 2002 and 2003 at research farm, IGAU, Raipur (C.G.). The experiment aimed at comparing performance of different levels of inorganic fertilizer and its conjunction with different organic fertilizers. Results showed that application of 100:60:40 kg NPK ha-1 in conjunction with PM gave the highest value of KLAC, ER and amylose content, which was comparable to inorganic fertilizer level of 100:60:40 kg NPK ha-1 applied along with FYM or blending of N with cow dung. The hulling and milling percent was also increased under these combinations. The highest input cost, net profit and per rupee investment was found under 150:80:60 kg NPK ha-1 followed by application of 100:60:40 kg NPK ha-1 along with PM.

Pass-Through of Own and Rival Cost Shocks: Evidence from the U.S. Fracking Boom

In imperfectly competitive settings, a firm's price depends on its own costs as well as those of its competitors. We demonstrate that this has important implications for the estimation and interpretation of pass-through. Leveraging a large input cost shock resulting from the fracking boom, we isolate price responses to firm-specific, regional and industry-wide input cost shocks in the US oil refining industry. The pass-through of these components vary from near zero to full pass-through, reconciling seemingly disparate results from the literature. We illustrate the policy implications of rival cost pass-through in the context of a tax on refinery carbon emissions.

Social Responsibility Auditing in Supply Chain Networks

We study a buyer’s problem of auditing suppliers within an existing network to ensure social responsibility compliance. The buyer suffers economic damages if a violation at a supplier is exposed (whether by the media, regulator, or nongovernmental organization). To avoid damages, the buyer may audit the network to identify noncompliance. If a supplier fails an audit, the buyer must take one of two costly actions: either rectify the supplier or drop the supplier (along with any dependent suppliers). Dropping a supplier changes the network topology, reducing competition and thereby increasing the buyer’s input cost arising from an equilibrium. We show that the buyer’s optimal dynamic auditing policy has two subphases: the buyer will first audit and drop some suppliers before either auditing and rectifying all remaining suppliers or halting auditing altogether. By halting, the buyer tolerates some noncompliance in the network (“see no evil, hear no evil”). Within the audit-and-drop subphase, when auditing only in the upper tier, the buyer always audits a least valuable unaudited supplier, yielding greater balance in the network. When the buyer audits both tiers, it might choose a supplier other than the least valuable. The buyer may choose a supplier in a pivotal position to help ascertain the viability of a portion of the network (“litmus test”). In extensions, we find that when violations in tier 1 carry a higher penalty for the buyer, the buyer may audit and rectify only tier 1 suppliers; when audits may be inaccurate, the buyer more likely tolerates a greater level of noncompliance. This paper was accepted by Charles Corbett, operations management.

Impact of Agro Technology on Socio-economic Condition of the Farming Groups at Jagannathpur

Agriculture is being highly technologized today; to sustain production and gain higher yields, farmers have to be updated regarding available technologies. As the land area is decreasing, there’s always a challenge to increase production and earn profit. Therefore, technological innovations also change farmers’ socio-economic conditions. Considering this, an interview on three categories (landless, marginal, small) of 15 farmers was conducted at the Jagannathpur union of Kumarkhali upazilla under the Kushtia district to investigate the socio-economic status, problems in crop production, potentials, limitations of rural development and adoption extent of modern agricultural technologies. Outcomes expressed that, a major source of annual income (1,20,800 Tk) of landless farmers were from non-agricultural works; contrary, marginal (2,89,000 Tk) and small (3,89,200 Tk) farmers’ prime source of income was from agricultural origins. It was a positive sign that all categories of farm families spent a good sum of money for educating children immediately after food expenditure. All the farmers had drinking water, electricity and hygienic toilet facilities at their dwelling house. The problem confrontation index (PCI) of rural development was highest in lack of capital (36). Physical and social PCI was identified as limited natural resources (32) and reduction of croplands (28), respectively. Concerning technology adoption, 14% used biofertilizer, 12% followed a modern model of vegetable production, 12% collected quality seeds, 10% exercised mulching, 10% used perching and 10% imitated seed preservation techniques. Top PCI for crop production was high input cost (36) followed by lack of technical knowledge (34). Most of the respondents agreed that agricultural production directly contributes to food security (34), increased nutrition (32) and financial safety (30).

Effect of Biomineral Sources Combination on the Agronomic Character of Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) in the Offseason

This study aims to analyse the effects combination of compound fertilizer and rhizobacteria sources on the agronomic characters of shallot in off season. The study was conducted in Sleman, Yogyakarta from February to June 2019. The experiment was arranged in a R C B D with three replications. The treatment consisted of combination between compound fertilizer (AS) first factor was dosage (150, 250 and 350 kg ha-1) and 5% rhizobacteria from different three sources (rhizobacteria bamboo, rhizobacteria glyricidae and rhizobacteria peanut) each concentrasion and control. The observed were made on the growth and yield of bulb, and the data were analyzed using analysis of variance and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at P< 0.05. There was no interaction between indigenous rhizobacteria sources and AS fertilizer on all variables. The dosage of AS fertilizer up to 350 kg ha-1 did not improve the plant growt. However, there was an increase in bulb yield when 150 kg ha-1 at AS was applied. The application of indigenous rhizobacteria from bamboo root significantly increased the growth of shallot. The application of AS 150 kg ha-1 combined indigenous rhizobacteria bamboo root at 5% is recomended to promote shallot production in offseason as well as to minimize the input cost of inputs and environmental pollution.

ESTIMASI NILAI EKONOMI TAMBANG TIMAH DI PT TIMAH Tbk INDONESIA TAHUN 2014-2018

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui estimasi nilai ekonomi tambang timah di PT Timah Tbk Tahun 2014-2018. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif yang menggunakan data sekunder yaitu data harga timah,, jumlah produksi timah dan modal kerja bersih di PT Timah Tbk Indonesia yang bersumber dari laporan keuangan dan laporan organisasi PT Timah Tbk Indonesia yang terletak di Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung. menggunakan teknik analisis data kuantitatif yaitu estimasi nilai ekonomi tambang timah diestimasi dengan mengalihkan jumlah produksi timah dengan harga pasar kemudian dikurangi dengan total biaya (input cost). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Keuntungan yang diperoleh PT. Timah dalam kurun waktu 5 tahun mengalami fluktuasi yang cenderung meningkat. Keuntungan terbesar pada tahun 2018 yaitu sebesar Rp. 6.912.041 ribu rupiah. Kentungan trendah pada tahun 2015 yaitu sebesar Rp. 3.679.709 ribu rupiah. Diestimasi total keuntungan selama lima tahun yaitu sebesar Rp. 23.461.106 ribu rupiah dan keuntungan rata-rata sebesar Rp. 4.692.221 /tahun.