COMPANY “FRIEDRICH KRUPP” AT THE FIRST SOVIET ALL-UNION AGRICULTURAL EXHIBITION IN 1923

The article is focused on the first Soviet All-Union Agricultural Exhibition and the participation of German industrialists in it, in particular the Friedrich Krupp Company. Following the documents from the Russian State Archive of Economics, as well as a wide range of periodicals the author shows that the Soviet exhibition was positively reviewed by Western businessmen as an extremely important political event, but foreign entrepreneurs had to face a number of challenges associated with the special nature of the Soviet economic system. Despite the difficult conditions set by the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Trade (NKVT) of the USSR for exhibitors, German companies could maintain a general enthusiasm, largely due to the awareness of the special political significance of the event and the personal motivation of individual participants. The author examines the peculiarities of realizing the personal ambitions of entrepreneurs in the context of the Soviet exhibition on the example of the Friedrich Krupp Company. Participation in the exhibition was a logical continuation of the Krupp development in the agricultural field. Krupp became a guide to the world of advanced agricultural technologies and used an every opportunity to strengthen ties with the Russian market, continuing to develop cooperation that began with the organization of an agricultural concession in the south of Soviet Russia.

GENESIS OF THE POLISH-UKRAINIAN RELATIONS IN 1991-2017

The question of evolution of Polish-Ukrainian bilateral relations is investigated. Based on the previous academic research, the periodization of Polish-Ukrainian relations has been improved in accordance with current events. It is noted that the bilateral relations began immediately after the restoration of independence by both countries. However, in the early 1990s, bilateral relations were not very active. The reason for this was the processes of economic transformation that took place after the fall of the Soviet economic system, which led to a weak economic situation. The ideological germs of the Polish-Ukrainian understanding originate from the activities of the publication «Culture» around which the Polish and Ukrainian liberal elites were concentrated, which aimed to begin the process of understanding between the two peoples. It is noted that in the 2000s, Polish-Ukrainian relations were mainly connected with the presidencies of V. Yushchenko and A. Kwaśniewski, and later L. Kaczynski. Personalism in relations had positive results, which contributed to an intensification of dialogue between countries. At the end of Yushchenko's term, relations fell asleep, which was due to the events in Ukraine. Nevertheless, the Eastern Partnership was launched during this period. After 2014, bilateral relations entered a phase of stable understanding. The formula «forgive and apologize» was chosen, thus referring to the well-known exchange of letters between the Polish and German bishops. Attention is drawn to the fact that the President Petro Poroshenko tried to strengthen bilateral relations. The weakness of Polish-Ukrainian relations is cooperation at the society level. It is the deepening of the social level that should contribute to the stability of relations and reduce the impact of the negative phenomena related to the political conflict, which are occasionally present in Polish-Ukrainian relations, especially in the context of historical policy in recent years.

Analysis of Soviet Management Model of the Public Ownership of the Means of Production

This scientific paper aims to understand public ownership of the means of production in the Soviet economic system. There is a presentation of such indicators as the functioning of collective farms, their quantitative and qualitative change over time, gross output, production and economic costs. Scientific paper uses information from national statistical compilations Kolkhozes in the second Stalinist five-year plan of 1939 and Kolkhozes of the USSR of 1988. The economic efficiency of kolkhozes and factors of production changes are explained according to this. The article also examines the legal status of public ownership in accordance with USSR Constitutions of 1936 and 1977. The effects of the ‘tragedy of commons’ and the ‘reform loop’ are considered. The following studies present conclusions of the profitability and production efficiency of kolkhozes.