A System Justification Theory of Entrepreneurial Attitudinal Change During a Crisis

Entrepreneurship resilience during a crisis is an important research area. However, prior research has not examined cognitive antecedents of entrepreneurial resilience. Using the 2014 oil price crisis in the Middle East as a natural experiment, we draw on system justification theory to understand why and how entrepreneurs differ in the extent of their attitudinal changes toward corruption. We find foreign entrepreneurs substantially increased their willingness to engage in corruption whereas local entrepreneurs did not. Among foreign entrepreneurs, corruption willingness increases more among those from countries where corruption is not the norm, than those from more corrupt home countries.

German entrepreneurs of Saint Petersburg - suppliers The Imperial court in the late 19th - early 20th centuries

The article deals with the ethnic composition of a special group of entrepreneurs in Russia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, who had the privilege of being suppliers to the Imperial court. The capital’s German community in this group was represented by many well-known names of Russian and foreign entrepreneurs. The article presents an overview of the main directions of supply of goods and services for the Imperial court, in which the St. Petersburg Germans actively participated.

Attracting Foreign Investment to the Chinese Economy: the Latest Secured Approaches Law

The article examines the current trends of China's current policy in attracting foreign direct investment. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the law of the people's Republic of China on foreign investment, which came into force in 2020 and replaced the three previous laws on enterprises with foreign capital participation. Based on the results of this analysis, a significant increase in the legal protection of foreign entrepreneurs was found. The new system of investment administration based on the application of the «negative list for foreign investments» with a gradual transition from the permissive to the notification procedure for the creation of enterprises of foreign capital is evaluated. It is characterized by a multi-level system of preferential financing areas and, above all, the last generation of these territories, represented by experimental free trade zones. The role of foreign entrepreneurship in overcoming the consequences of the «coronacrisis» is highlighted.

The Origin and Initial Development of Chinese Documentaries (1905-1931)

This article discusses the origins and early development of Chinese documentaries. Cinematography in almost all countries began with documentaries, because from the very beginning cinema existed as a means of recording. Chinese documentaries, which appeared in 1905, are no exception either. Documentaries reveal the history of Chinese cinematography. The first film produced by the Chinese was a piece from the Beijing Opera. The development of science and technology, especially photography, created necessary preconditions for the invention of cinema. In 1839, a photography emerged. In 1840, a reduction in exposure time was invented. In 1851, a photograph with moving person and an animal was taken. In 1851, the first photograph was taken. In 1878, a camera roll was invented. In 1888, the French physiologist Dules Marey presented the French Academy of Sciences with the world’s first film camera. In 1888, the film was invented. In 1892, Mr. Marei’s assistant showed moving photographs on the screen. On 28 December 1895, the Frenchman Louis Lumière in one of the cafes of Paris officially showed his films: «The doors of the factory», «The arrival of the train» etc. It is believed that in different countries of the world that this show started the era of cinematography. In early 1896, Lumière hired more than 20 people as assistants, and sent them around the world to show his film. At this time, China, India and Japan had their first film screenings. In addition, Lumière had sent many cameramen around the world to shoot the film, including to China. Therefore, the earliest films about China were not made by the Chinese themselves, but by foreign entrepreneurs. Under the influence of «Western Shadow Theatre» the Chinese also began their attempts in film production organization. In 1905, the Chinese made their first silent film in Beijing.

How do foreign entrepreneurs adapt to local corruption norms in the Middle East? Institutional multiplicities and individual adaptation

Foreign entrepreneurs encounter institutional complexities resulting from differences between their home and host countries. On one hand, foreign entrepreneurs must adapt to local norms in a host environment that might be novel and different; on the other, foreign entrepreneurs bring institutional legacies from their home environments. In this article, we critically examine how such tensions affect norm adaptation by foreign entrepreneurs, focusing upon their attitudes towards corruption–defined as corruption propensity. While imprints from home institutions can be ‘sticky’ and persistent, learning about host institutions requires foreign entrepreneurs to adapt their corruption propensity. We find that corruption propensity has an inverted U-shaped relationship with performance and conclude by analysing the implications of such propensity.