Leaderless Group Decisions

Leaderless group decision-making denotes the idea that political decisions from a non-hierarchical discussion structure can be more legitimate and effective than those from a hierarchical structure. Since the latter half of the 20th century, such decision-making has been practiced widely in community groups, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), “deliberation” forums, as well as in the business and management settings. While one may argue its origins go back to Athenian direct democracy, it was the zeal of the 1960s participatory democracy movement in the United States that produced the more sophisticated principles, philosophies, and mechanics of leaderless group decision-making. The progressive social movement activists at that time considered non-hierarchical groups as ethically appropriate to their causes. Since then, this tradition of leaderless group decision-making processes has been adopted in many grassroots social movements. Debates and controversies abound concerning leaderless group decision-making. It has been a normative imperative for many social activists to adopt decision-making in a leaderless manner. Research to date, however, has produced no conclusive evidence that leaderless group discussion results in better or more effective decisions. Proponents argue that members of a leaderless group would develop greater capacities for self-governance because in such a setting they can take more personal and egalitarian initiatives to organize activities of the group. This, in turn, would lead to better group dynamics and discussion, and, eventually, better decisions. Critics suggest that leaderless groups are slow and inflexible in decision-making and that the supposedly leaderless groups usually end up with leaders because of the social dynamics and human nature present in group interactions. Regardless of its potential benefits and problems, the ideals of deliberative and participatory democracy are strongly propelling this egalitarian, discourse-based form of group decision-making. Researchers will gain a great deal of insight from literature in deliberation concerning the functions, problems, and future directions of leaderless groups. In addition, there is a need to study leaderless groups in a more multi-faceted way, as research to date has been dominated by psychology-based quantitative assessment of groups. Qualitative and ethnographic approaches will be helpful to further assess the dynamics of leaderless group decision-making.

Strategi Mengajar Kimia (Lintas Minat) Melalui Modifikasi Leaderless Group Discussion (LGD)

Pelajaran kimia sering dianggap sebagai mata pelajaran yang sukar pada jurusan ilmu-ilmu alam (IA), lebih lagi jika diberikan pada jurusan ilmu-ilmu sosial (IIS) sebagai mata pelajaran lintas minat. Rata-rata siswa memperoleh nilai dibawah kriteria ketuntasan minimal (KKM) yaitu 75.Selain itu siswa terlihat kurang aktif dan tidak mempunyai motivasi yang baik. Hal ini dimungkinkan karena siswa merasa bahwa kimia merupakan mata pelajaran lintas minat, yang tidak mempunyai pengaruh signifikan pada penjurusan ilmu-ilmu sosial (IIS). Fenomena ini dapat diamati ketika proses PBM berlangsung beberapa siswa nampak kurang berminat dan tidak bisa memfokuskan dirinya untuk mempelajari materi yang sedang dipelajari, begitu juga saat proses diskusi berlangsung siswa cenderung tidak terlibat dan mempunyai respon yang rendah. Keberhasilan proses belajar mengajar salah satunya ditentukan oleh model atau metode mengajar yaitu bagaimana cara guru menyampaikan materi yang akan diajarkan. Leaderless Group Discussion adalah diskusi kelompok tanpa penunjukkan seorang pemimpin, yang memungkinkan setiap anggota kelompok memanifestasikan potensinya, dimodifikasi seperti Penjaga Stand Pameran. Dalam simulasi ini dapat diamati kemampuan seseorang dalam mengarahkan dan memimpin kelompok, kemampuan menjelaskan gagasan sehingga bisa diterima orang lain, kemampuan determinasi, dll.Hasil penerapan pembelajaran dengan pendekatan Modifikasi Leaderless Group Discussion (LGD) mampu menaikkan partisifasi siswa kelas XI jurusan Imu-ilmu Sosial (IIS) dalam belajar Kimia Lintas Minat mencapai 88,69% dengan ketuntasan mencapai 89,66% (26 orang).