A Magical Tool for Social Entrepreneurship

In recent years, sharing behaviors, collective actions, and individual participation have gained momentum in terms of shared value creation understanding. Crowdfunding is one of the results of this new emphasis on collective participation. Where social entrepreneurship is a shining trend, financing of investments becomes increasingly essential. As social entrepreneurs struggle with the disadvantages of acquiring financial resources, crowdfunding appears to be an innovative tool to overcome financial shortcomings. In this chapter, the crowdfunding concept and its types are explained. Also, evidence of the organic bond between crowdfunding and social entrepreneurship with current examples from the world and Turkey is presented.

ФЕНОМЕН НЕРЕФЛЕКСИВНОЇ (ЕМОЦІЙНОЇ) СВІДОМОСТІ САРТРА

У статті аргументується засаднича теза екзистенційно-феноменологічної концепції Сарт­­ра про первинну нерозчленовану єдність людини та її свідомості і світу, до якої вона, як су­б’єкт, залучена завдяки притаманній їй інтенціональності – спрямованості на зовнішні пред­ме­ти. Нерефлексивна свідомість функціонує на спонтанному чуттєвому рівні пізнання і не ске­ро­вується свідомим себе «Я». Цим самим нерефлексивна (емоційна) свідомість людини репрезентує екзистенційний модус буття у світі як творчого переживання і нетривіального бачення об’єктів пізнання в щоразу нових зв’язках і відношеннях. При цьому емоція постає специфічним способом пізнання суб’єктом «об’єктивної» дійсності, що відрізняє її від деяких інших психічних процесів своєю непозиційністю, тобто стихійною безпосередністю й органічним зв’язком із оточенням. Застосування феноменологічного методу в психології особистості, що базується на пред­ста­в­леному уявленні, дасть змогу реалізувати цілісний аксіологічний підхід до вивчення психічних явищ, який враховує актуальний життєвий контекст буття людини, її потреби, мотиви, інт­ереси, переконання і цінності. Так трактований феномен нерефлексивної (емоційної) свідомості Сартра протистоїть як редук­ціонізму позитивістської (біхевіоральної) психології, так і психоаналізу Фройда, але вод­но­час може бути стимулом для розгортання досліджень у царині сучасної когнітивної психології, зокрема психології емоційного інтелекту The article argues the fundamental thesis of Sartre’s existential and phenomenological concept of initial undivided unity of a person with its consciousness and the world which it belongs to as the subject due to its characteristic intentionality – focus on external objects. Non-reflexive consciousness functions on the spontaneous sensual level of cognition and is not directed by the conscious of the self "I". Thus, the non-reflexive (emotional) human consciousness represents the existential modus of being in the world as a creative experience and non-trivial vision of objects of cognition in every time new connections and relations. Herewith, emotion acts as a specific way of experiencing "objective" reality by the subject which differs it from some other mental processes by its non-positionality, that is, by accidental spontaneity and organic bond with the environment. The application of the phenomenological method in the personality psychology based on the presented ideas makes it possible to realize the integral axiological approach to the study of mental phenomena considering human actual vital context of being, its needs, motives, interests, beliefs and values. The interpreted in such a way Sartre’s phenomenon of non-reflexive (emotional) consciousness opposes to both reductionism of positivist (behavioral) psychology and Freud’s psychoanalysis but at the same time it could be an incentive for the deployment of study in the field of modern cognitive psychology, psychology of emotional intelligence in particular

The Interface between Education and the ‘Rural Uplift Work’: Re-reading Tagore’s Letters, Lectures and Addresses

The present paper, by taking cues from Tagore’s letters, lectures and addresses, attempts to explore that he was unconventional in his ideas of education. Nature was the best teacher for Tagore, and he adopted the model of the ‘Ashram’ of the Ancient India for the realisation of his educational ideals. An academic institution, according to Tagore, should not merely impart information to the learners. It should offer elements of culture and opportunities for studying the socio-economic condition of villages around an educational centre. Leonard Elmhirst, the famous agronomist, helped Tagore in establishing ‘Siksha Satra’ at Sriniketan where the former started rural reconstruction. Tagore shared his views of education including the ‘Visva-Bharati ideals’ with Elmhirst. Another leading intellectual who gave original ideas of university education to Tagore was Patrick Geddes. Like Tagore, Geddes also advocated for the service to the community life. Arthur Geddes, the son of Patrick Geddes, to a great extent, fulfilled the poet’s dream of uniting teachers, students and humble village workers in an organic bond of necessity. Tagore’s championing of ‘the rural uplift work’ as a part of education continues to appeal to the Twentieth Century mind.

Photo-induced thiol coupling and C–H activation using nanocrystalline lead-halide perovskite catalysts

Cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals have been the first time utilized as photocatalysts for organic bond formations.

Mechanochemical synthesis of small organic molecules

With the growing interest in renewable energy and global warming, it is important to minimize the usage of hazardous chemicals in both academic and industrial research, elimination of waste, and possibly recycle them to obtain better results in greener fashion. The studies under the area of mechanochemistry which cover the grinding chemistry to ball milling, sonication, etc. are certainly of interest to the researchers working on the development of green methodologies. In this review, a collection of examples on recent developments in organic bond formation reactions like carbon–carbon (C–C), carbon–nitrogen (C–N), carbon–oxygen (C–O), carbon–halogen (C–X), etc. is documented. Mechanochemical syntheses of heterocyclic rings, multicomponent reactions and organometallic molecules including their catalytic applications are also highlighted.

Monopolization Tendencies as a Result of the Neoliberal Policies in the Media Industry and a Look to the Last Half Century in the Example of Turkey

Economy politics that were formed with neoliberalism affected media industry like it affected all the other spheres of economy. The concentration of media structures in the world, the companies which work in the media industry being worked in the other spheres of economy, the struggle of these companies against the regulations about the media and their emphasis on the cancellation of these regulations; and the international activities of media companies attract the attention of the public for the last 50 years approximately. These developments in the media industry have been experienced in Turkey and these continued to be experienced. Neoliberal politics that were applied after 1980s caused important changes in the media industry. Another important point that attracts the attention is that even though the media actors have changed; the number of the structures that are active in media is limited and this number has not been changed for years. This paper aims to put forward the changes in the media industry in Turkey and the structures that have been shaped around these changes in the framework of neoliberal policies which were started in 1980s. In this paper a qualitative research design is used and ownership structures are analysed to investigate the changes in Turkey’s media industry since 1980s. Consequently it is seen that media actors have been changed but their numbers stayed the same. Furthermore the ownership structure of the media that is formed as a result of these developments and the organic bond between the Government is underlined.

Characteristics and Removal Efficiency of Washing with Different Reagent for Soil Contaminated by Leads of Various Sources

Lead is a common pollutant found in soil. The characteristics of lead contaminated soil may vary depending on various sources of lead pollutants and different soils. In this research, samples were collected from soils contaminated by lead of different sources including discarded slag, lead smelting plant and gunnery firing range for conducting characteristic analyses. The samples were also subject to washing using seven different cleaning agents including acids such as HNO3 and HCl, cationic exchangers such as AlCl3, FeCl3, CaCl2 and MgCl2, as well chelating agent such as EDTA-4Na to study the efficiency of these agents of removing leads of various bindings in the contaminated soil. The results show that he most effective cleaning agents are HNO3, HCl, and EDTA-4Na, FeCl3 and AlCl3 for the exchangeable fraction of lead, HNO3, HCl and FeCl3 for carbonate bond fraction of lead, HNO3, HCl followed by EDTA-4Na and FeCl3 for Fe-Mn oxides bond fraction of lead; HNO3, HCl and FeCl3 for the organic bond fraction lead and HCl for the residual fraction of lead.

Characteristics and Reuse Potential as Fertilizer Based on Heavy Metal Concentrations in Domestic Wastewater Biosolids (Taiwan)

Use of biosolid as fertilizer, soil conditioner and soil additive has been promoted in the US, Europe and Japan for some time. However, heavy metals of high concentrations contained in the sewage biosolid may through plant absorption and food chain seriously affect human health and contaminate the soil if the sludge is used directly as fertilizer or soil conditioner. Numerous studies have been conducted on the correlation between biosolid heavy contents and bioavailability. In Taiwan, there is no integral data on concentrations and characteristics of heavy metals contained in biosolids that supports the re-use of biosolid as fertilizer. Hence, the feasibility of re-using biosolid has not be implemented and promoted. In this research, six representative wastewater treatment plants in Taiwan have been selected for collecting biosolid samples in order to understand the concentrations and characteristics of heavy metals contained in biosolids so that the feasibility of re-using these biosolids can then be evaluated. The analysis results reveal that the biosolids collected from the six wastewater treatment sludge contains Cd has the greatest concentration differences among sample collected from different wastewater treatment plants with 130.6 % difference followed by As (90.2 % difference), and Ni (71.3 % difference). Cadmium contained in Fu-Tien wastewater treatment plant sludge has the greatest difference at different sample times with 58.7% difference; nickel is the next with 47.2 % difference. When the distribution of metal bond fraction is concerned, copper, lead, cadmium and zinc show little difference; copper exists primarily in organic bond fraction, lead in residual fraction, cadmium in residual fraction and organic bond fraction, zinc in Fe/Mn-oxide bond fraction. When reused as fertilizer, the biosolid that contains cadmium, nickel and zinc could exceed the limitations. It can be rinsed in 1 M HCl solution to effective reduce its heavy metal contents to meet the minimum standards for reuse as fertilizer in soil.