Influence of basic treatment of irrigated land on Fertility indicators and harvest formation of sweet pepper

The purpose of the research was to establish the most rational soil cultivation system for irrigated conditions, contributing to the preservation of ecological balance and increasing the profitability of pepper production. Experimental studies were carried out on meadow-chestnut soils of the plain zone of the Republic of Dagestan in 2017-2019. in a two-factor experiment to determine the most effective combination of soil cultivation and irrigation regime. The paper presents the results of the influence of plowing and disc cultivation on the water-physical properties of the soil and its biological activity, as well as on the yield of sweet pepper under drip irrigation. The results of three-year research have established that, under irrigation conditions, the most effective method of basic soil cultivation is moldboard soil cultivation to a depth of 0.23 ... 0.25 m, which contributed to the improvement of soil density, its permeability, structural state and increased biological activity in the treated layer. On plowing, the yield of sweet pepper fruits was obtained at the level of 6.23 t/ha. The use of disc processing by 0.10 ... 0.12 m leads to a deterioration of agrophysical indicators of fertility, phytosanitary state of irrigated fields by 1.7 ... 2.2 times, a decrease in yield by 5.1 ... 9.6% and profitability of pepper fruit production by 25.3 ... 31.0%.

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ЛАБОРАТОРНЫХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ ПРОЦЕССА РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЯ РАБОЧЕГО РАСТВОРА В СОЛОМЕ

При проведении полевых испытаний машины для утилизации незерновой части урожая в качестве удобрения было установлено, что при установке вылета форсунки за распределительные заслонки возможно разделять поток измельчённой растительной массы на два различных слоя. Первый слой обработанный рабочим раствором препарата, ускоряющего процесс разложения второй, из растительного материала, проходит над соплом распылительных форсунок и остаётся сухим (не обработанным рабочим раствором). Так, при установке крайних значений вылета форсунки за распределительные заслонки max45 мм и min0 мм при помощи тепловизора засвидетельствовали образование необработанного слоя над обработанным по разности их температур. Рабочий раствор готовится путём смешивания биологических удобрений с водой, температура раствора не более 5-10 С, а температура соломы в валке составляет 22 С и более. Была выдвинута гипотеза о том, что верхний, не обработанный рабочим раствором, слой может защищать нижний, обработанный, от воздействия окружающей среды и исключить испарение рабочего раствора до момента заделки удобрения в почву. В результате лабораторных исследований были получены нелинейные зависимости изменения влажности и температуры внутри слоя соломы, обработанной рабочим раствором. Было установлено, что первые 20 минут после обработки влага под действием силы тяжести стремительно перемещается в нижнюю часть слоя, после чего начинает подниматься вверх и испаряться. В полевых условиях измельчённая и обработанная рабочим раствором растительная масса попадает на почву хорошо перемешенная и с усвоенной влагой более 90, что приводит к интенсивному её испарению. Необработанный слой соломы, уложенный поверх обработанного, может считаться защитным и при условии их равенства по толщине способен сдерживать интенсивность испарения до 1 часа при температуре воздуха не более 25 С.During field tests of the machine for recycling the non-dead part of the crop as a fertilizer, it was found that when changing the flow of the nozzle behind the distribution shutters, it is possible to divide the flow of crushed plant mass into two different layers. The first - treated with working solution of preparation accelerating decomposition process and the second, from vegetable material, which passes over nozzle of spraying nozzles and remains dry (not treated with working solution). Thus, when setting the extreme values of the nozzle departure beyond the distribution flaps max 45 mm and min 0 mm with the help of a thermal imager, the formation of an untreated layer above the temperature-differential treated layer was witnessed. Working solution prepares by mixing of biological fertilizers with water, with a temperature of solution no more than 5 of -10 With, and straw temperature in a roll is 22 With and more. It has been hypothesized that the top layer not treated with the working solution can protect the bottom layer treated from the environment and avoid evaporation of the working solution until the fertiliser is embedded in the soil. Laboratory studies resulted in non-linear changes in humidity and temperature within the straw layer treated with the working solution. It was found that the first 20 minutes after the treatment, moisture is rapidly moved by gravity to the bottom of the layer, after which it begins to rise and evaporate. Under field conditions ground and treated with working solution plant mass will get on soil well mixed and with absorbed moisture more than 90, which leads to its intensive evaporation. The processed straw layer laid over processed can be considered as protective and on condition of their equality on thickness, is capable to constrain intensity of evaporation till 1 oclock at air temperature no more than 25 .

Scientific basis of precision mechanical tillage and perspectives of its implementation in Ukraine

Precision mechanical tillage is a fundamentally new agricultural strategy of farming, which is based on the use of information technology and new technical means and involves the implementation of technological measures for the main and pre-sowing tillage, taking into account the spatial heterogeneity of the physical properties of the root-content layer as indicators of differentiation of field tillage. In the article were presented the main provisions and stages of the method of determining the soil spatial heterogeneity of the plot. It was characterized indicators of precision mechanical soil tillage and promising methods for measuring parameters for precision tillage, including technical and software. It was proposed the preliminary norms of the physical properties of the treated layer for substantiation of the intensity of the basic mechanical soil tillage. It was proposed the characteristic of the main stages of the transition to precision farming and the mechanisms that should ensure its effective functioning, it was calculated the expected economic efficiency of precision farming. In the article was analyzed the spatial heterogeneity of arable land of Ukraine in terms of basic physical characteristics (structure, bulk density and penetration resistance) in the crop layer and plow sole. Some general patterns of manifestation of the spatial heterogeneity of the investigated properties of the soil cover of the land plots and the crop in all natural zones of Ukraine are analyzed, it serving as the main argument for the transition from generalized zonal technologies to precision mechanical tillage. The baseline data for the technological substantiation of the development of precision tillage (according to the content of the blocks in the seed layer) was worked out. Prospects for the introduction of precision agriculture in Ukraine are considered, based on the successful experience of mastering precision farming systems. Key words: soil, precision tillage, spatial heterogeneity, physical properties.