A Simple Method for Extraction of Ricinus Communis L Oil and its Application for Biodiesel Production by Ethylic Route

Biodiesel is a clean fuel, and an alternative to the environmental complications caused by fossil fuels. However, the forms of its production are still the object of research in the literature because some issues related to process improvement and economically viable remain a challenge. Therefore, this research aims to produce biodiesel by the ethylic route from Ricinus Communis L oil extracted with a simple solid liquid extraction method without the use of the soxhled extractor. In this sense, Ricinus Communis L was extracted by n-hexane as solvent, obtaining biodiesel through ethyl transesterification via alkaline catalysis. The characterization of biodiesel in terms of – acid value (AV), combustibility and corrosivity to copper. The results indicated that the yield of the extracted oil was 14% in relation to the mass of seeds used, the value of the AV was 0.96mgNaOH / g, showing in this case that the oil can be used in the transesterification process to obtain biodiesel. The biodiesel yield obtained was 37% and the AV was 1.98mgNaOH / g, being considered above the acceptable value for its use in diesel engines, and should be neutralized to at least 0.8mgNaOH / g. Based on this work, biodiesel was obtained via ethyl esterification of Ricinus Communis L oil extracted from a simple and easy method.

Developments in the Use of Lipase Transesterification for Biodiesel Production from Animal Fat Waste

Biodiesel constitutes an attractive source of energy because it is renewable, biodegradable, and non-polluting. Up to 20% biodiesel can be blended with fossil diesel and is being produced and used in many countries. Animal fat waste represents nearly 6% of total feedstock used to produce biodiesel through alkaline catalysis transesterification after its pretreatment. Lipase transesterification has some advantages such as the need of mild conditions, absence of pretreatment, no soap formation, simple downstream purification process and generation of high quality biodiesel. A few companies are using liquid lipase formulations and, in some cases, immobilized lipases for industrial biodiesel production, but the efficiency of the process can be further improved. Recent developments on immobilization support materials such as nanoparticles and magnetic nanomaterials have demonstrated high efficiency and potential for industrial applications. This manuscript reviews the latest advances on lipase transesterification and key operational variables for an efficient biodiesel production from animal fat waste.

Trends in Biodiesel Production from Animal Fat Waste

The agro-food industry generates large amounts of waste that contribute to environmental contamination. Animal fat waste constitutes some of the most relevant waste and the treatment of such waste is quite costly because environmental regulations are quite strict. Part of such costs might be reduced through the generation of bioenergy. Biodiesel constitutes a valid renewable source of energy because it is biodegradable, non-toxic and has a good combustion emission profile and can be blended up to 20% with fossil diesel for its use in many countries. Furthermore, up to 70% of the total cost of biodiesel majorly depends on the cost of the raw materials used, which can be reduced using animal fat waste because they are cheaper than vegetable oil waste. In fact, 6% of total feedstock corresponded to animal fat in 2019. Transesterification with alkaline catalysis is still preferred at industrial plants producing biodiesel. Recent developments in heterogeneous catalysts that can be easily recovered, regenerated and reused, as well as immobilized lipases with increased stability and resistance to alcohol denaturation, are promising for future industrial use. This manuscript reviews the available processes and recent advances for biodiesel generation from animal fat waste.

Liquid-liquid equilibrium for systems composed by biodiesel from Catolé oil (Syagrus cearensis) - methanol and glycerol

The biodiesel inclusion in the Brazilian energy matrix still faces challenges due to the lack of diversity of raw material and the high costs associated with the stages of production, purification and phase separation of the biofuel. In this work, the potential of Catol? (Syagrus cearensis) was evaluated as an alternative source for biodiesel production, through methyl transesterification by alkaline catalysis. Given the absence of reported data on this oilseed, the aim of the present paper is to characterize the oil and biodiesel in terms of density, kinematic viscosity, and acid value. A liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) study of Catol? biodiesel-methanol-glycerin systems at 298.15, 308.15 and 323.15 K at atmospheric pressure was also carried out. Results showed that Catol? seed oil is a viable alternative for biodiesel production, with parameters found in accordance with the quality standards and an ester yield of 97.1%. Ternary diagrams showed that the solubility of the components lowers at low temperatures. Tie-lines evidenced higher affinity of methanol with the glycerin-rich phase. Distribution and selectivity coefficients were determined and the Othmer-Tobias and Hand correlations were applied to verify the quality of the experimental data. The determination indices (>0.97) proved the thermodynamic consistency of the data.

Physico-chemical analysis of biodiesel obtained from blends of virgin castor oil and waste frying oil

Renewable fuels production got a big boost in recent years. One alternative is the production of vegetable oils with the ability to replace all or partly the diesel fuel derived from oil. The objective of this work was to produce biodiesel from blends of virgin castor oil (VCO) and waste frying oil (WFO) from ethylic route and alkaline catalysis as well as to study the physical and chemical properties. Biodiesel was obtained from 5 different raw materials: VCO (B1), WFO (B2) and three different blends (B3: 50%VCO+50%WFO; B4:25%VCO+75%WFO; B5:75%VCO+25%WFO). The raw materials were evaluated by acidity level, free fatty acids, saponification index and density. For the biodiesel, the index of iodine, cetane, glycerin, absence of triglycerides and rheology was determined. According to the results, all samples were within the specified standard for iodine index and density, but B1 biodiesel showed viscosity and cetane number not allowed in the legislation. Despite the fact thatB4 and B5 results were within the legislation for biodiesel, B4 would be a better alternative due to higher quantity of WFO.

OBTENÇÃO DO BIODIESEL METÍLICO ATRAVÉS DA TRANSESTERIFICAÇÃO VIA CATÁLISE BÁSICA DO ÓLEO DE COCO-DA-BAÍA (Cocos nucifera L)

This study aimed to the methyl biodiesel production by transesterification reaction via alkaline catalysis, using as a raw material alternative to soybean oil commonly used, coco-da-baía oil (Cocos nucifera L). The biodiesel was characterized as to its acidity, density, humidity, ester content, flash point, glycerol (free, total, mono-, di- and triglycerides) and maximum percentage of methanol. The oil used was characterized by acid value, saponification number, fatty acids, density and humidity. Through these results, we verified the quality of the obtained biofuel.