scholarly journals Developments in the Use of Lipase Transesterification for Biodiesel Production from Animal Fat Waste

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (15) ◽  
pp. 5085
Author(s):  
Fidel Toldrá-Reig ◽  
Leticia Mora ◽  
Fidel Toldrá
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Magnetic Nanomaterials ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Support Materials ◽  
Animal Fat ◽  
Immobilized Lipases ◽  
Operational Variables ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Alkaline Catalysis

Biodiesel constitutes an attractive source of energy because it is renewable, biodegradable, and non-polluting. Up to 20% biodiesel can be blended with fossil diesel and is being produced and used in many countries. Animal fat waste represents nearly 6% of total feedstock used to produce biodiesel through alkaline catalysis transesterification after its pretreatment. Lipase transesterification has some advantages such as the need of mild conditions, absence of pretreatment, no soap formation, simple downstream purification process and generation of high quality biodiesel. A few companies are using liquid lipase formulations and, in some cases, immobilized lipases for industrial biodiesel production, but the efficiency of the process can be further improved. Recent developments on immobilization support materials such as nanoparticles and magnetic nanomaterials have demonstrated high efficiency and potential for industrial applications. This manuscript reviews the latest advances on lipase transesterification and key operational variables for an efficient biodiesel production from animal fat waste.

scholarly journals Trends in Biodiesel Production from Animal Fat Waste

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fidel Toldrá-Reig ◽  
Leticia Mora ◽  
Fidel Toldrá
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Industrial Plants ◽  
Animal Fat ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Combustion Emission ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Alkaline Catalysis

The agro-food industry generates large amounts of waste that contribute to environmental contamination. Animal fat waste constitutes some of the most relevant waste and the treatment of such waste is quite costly because environmental regulations are quite strict. Part of such costs might be reduced through the generation of bioenergy. Biodiesel constitutes a valid renewable source of energy because it is biodegradable, non-toxic and has a good combustion emission profile and can be blended up to 20% with fossil diesel for its use in many countries. Furthermore, up to 70% of the total cost of biodiesel majorly depends on the cost of the raw materials used, which can be reduced using animal fat waste because they are cheaper than vegetable oil waste. In fact, 6% of total feedstock corresponded to animal fat in 2019. Transesterification with alkaline catalysis is still preferred at industrial plants producing biodiesel. Recent developments in heterogeneous catalysts that can be easily recovered, regenerated and reused, as well as immobilized lipases with increased stability and resistance to alcohol denaturation, are promising for future industrial use. This manuscript reviews the available processes and recent advances for biodiesel generation from animal fat waste.

Recent Developments in Vibration Monitoring and Diagnostics for Aeroderivative Gas Turbines

1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
James C. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Vibration Monitoring ◽  
Monitoring Systems ◽  
Monitoring Methods ◽  
Reliable Monitoring ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Monitoring And Diagnostics ◽  
Processing Techniques

Industrial aeroderivative gas turbines are becoming increasingly popular for use in both on-shore and off-shore installations. The characteristics of these machines — high efficiency in simple cycle operation, small size, and light weight — make them ideal for industrial applications. As the aeroderivative gas turbine has become more widely used, the need for more reliable monitoring methods has become increasingly apparent. Traditional velocity transducer based seismic monitoring systems have had several shortcomings when applied to aeroderivative gas turbines. One of these problems was nuisance alarms due to increasing transducer noise output. Another was not detecting increasing casing vibration because of transducer deterioration. Overcoming these problems has required advances in transducer technology as well as changes in signal processing techniques. This paper describes the technology and techniques used in new seismic vibration monitoring systems.

scholarly journals Co-Immobilization of Rhizopus oryzae and Candida rugosa Lipases onto mMWCNTs@4-arm-PEG-NH2—A Novel Magnetic Nanotube–Polyethylene Glycol Amine Composite—And Its Applications for Biodiesel Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (21) ◽  
pp. 11956
Author(s):  
Saadiah A. Abdulmalek ◽  
Kai Li ◽  
Jianhua Wang ◽  
Michael Kidane Ghide ◽  
Yunjun Yan
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Rhizopus Oryzae ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Candida Rugosa ◽  
Enzymatic Reaction ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Synergy Effect ◽  
Immobilized Lipases ◽  
Ultrasound Assisted

This article describes the successful synthesis of a novel nanocomposite of superparamagnetic multi-walled nanotubes with a four-arm polyethylene glycol amine polymer (mMWCNTs@4-arm-PEG-NH2). This composite was then employed as a support for the covalent co-immobilization of Rhizopus oryzae and Candida rugosa lipases under appropriate conditions. The co-immobilized lipases (CIL-mMWCNTs@4-arm-PEG-NH2) exhibited maximum specific activity of 99.626U/mg protein, which was 34.5-fold superior to that of free ROL, and its thermal stability was greatly improved. Most significantly, CIL-mMWCNTs@4-arm-PEG-NH2 was used to prepare biodiesel from waste cooking oil under ultrasound conditions, and within 120 min, the biodiesel conversion rate reached 97.64%. This was due to the synergy effect between ROL and CRL and the ultrasound-assisted enzymatic process, resulting in an increased biodiesel yield in a short reaction time. Moreover, after ten reuse cycles, the co-immobilized lipases still retained a biodiesel yield of over 78.55%, exhibiting excellent operational stability that is attractive for practical applications. Consequently, the combined use of a novel designed carrier, the co-immobilized lipases with synergy effect, and the ultrasound-assisted enzymatic reaction exhibited potential prospects for future applications in biodiesel production and various industrial applications.

scholarly journals A Review on LDH-Smart Functionalization of Anodic Films of Mg Alloys

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 536
Author(s):  
Mosab Kaseem ◽  
Karna Ramachandraiah ◽  
Shakhawat Hossain ◽  
Burak Dikici
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Mg Alloys ◽  
Anodic Films ◽  
Electrolytic Oxidation ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Plasma Electrolytic ◽  
Co Precipitation ◽  
Corrosive Environments ◽  
Double Hydroxide

This review presents an overview of the recent developments in the synthesis of layered double hydroxide (LDH) on the anodized films of Mg alloys prepared by either conventional anodizing or plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) and the applications of the formed composite ceramics as smart chloride traps in corrosive environments. In this work, the main fabrication approaches including co-precipitation, in situ hydrothermal, and an anion exchange reaction are outlined. The unique structure of LDH nanocontainers enables them to intercalate several corrosion inhibitors and release them when required under the action of corrosion-relevant triggers. The influences of different variables, such as type of cations, the concentration of salts, pH, and temperature, immersion time during the formation of LDH/anodic film composites, on the electrochemical response are also highlighted. The correlation between the dissolution rate of PEO coating and the growth rate of the LDH film was discussed. The challenges and future development strategies of LDH/anodic films are also highlighted in terms of industrial applications of these materials.

scholarly journals Recent Developments on Five-Component Reactions

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 1986
Author(s):  
Xiaoming Ma ◽  
Sanjun Zhi ◽  
Wei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Multicomponent Reactions ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Reaction Centers ◽  
Synthetic Approach ◽  
Recent Developments

Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) have inherent advantages in pot, atom, and step economy (PASE). This important green synthetic approach has gained increasing attention due to high efficiency, minimal waste, saving resources, and straightforward procedures. Presented in this review article are the recent development on 5-compoment reactions (5CRs) of the following six types: (I) five different molecules A + B + C + D + E; pseudo-5CRs including (II) 2A + B + C + D, (III) 2A + 2B + C, (IV) 3A + B + C, (V) 3A + 2B, and (VI) 4A + B. 5CRs with more than five-reaction centers are also included.

scholarly journals Progress on Modified Calcium Oxide Derived Waste-Shell Catalysts for Biodiesel Production

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 194
Author(s):  
Hui Khim Ooi ◽  
Xin Ning Koh ◽  
Hwai Chyuan Ong ◽  
Hwei Voon Lee ◽  
Mohd Sufri Mastuli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Catalyst Stability ◽  
Animal Fat ◽  
Waste Shell ◽  
Catalytic Reactivity

The dwindling of global petroleum deposits and worsening environmental issues have triggered researchers to find an alternative energy such as biodiesel. Biodiesel can be produced via transesterification of vegetable oil or animal fat with alcohol in the presence of a catalyst. A heterogeneous catalyst at an economical price has been studied widely for biodiesel production. It was noted that various types of natural waste shell are a potential calcium resource for generation of bio-based CaO, with comparable chemical characteristics, that greatly enhance the transesterification activity. However, CaO catalyzed transesterification is limited in its stability and studies have shown deterioration of catalytic reactivity when the catalyst is reused for several cycles. For this reason, different approaches are reviewed in the present study, which focuses on modification of waste-shell derived CaO based catalyst with the aim of better transesterification reactivity and high reusability of the catalyst for biodiesel production. The catalyst stability and leaching profile of the modified waste shell derived CaO is discussed. In addition, a critical discussion of the structure, composition of the waste shell, mechanism of CaO catalyzed reaction, recent progress in biodiesel reactor systems and challenges in the industrial sector are also included in this review.

scholarly journals Silica Nanoflowers-Stabilized Pickering Emulsion as a Robust Biocatalysis Platform for Enzymatic Production of Biodiesel

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1026 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lihui Wang ◽  
Xinlong Liu ◽  
Yanjun Jiang ◽  
Peng Liu ◽  
Liya Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Pickering Emulsion ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Candida Antarctica Lipase ◽  
Waste Oil ◽  
Enzymatic Production ◽  
Mild Conditions ◽  
Experimental Yield ◽  
Optimized Conditions ◽  
Better Than

Enzymatic production of biodiesel had attracted much attention due to its high efficiency, mild conditions and environmental protection. However, the high cost of enzyme, poor solubility of methanol in oil and adsorption of glycerol onto the enzyme limited the popularization of the process. To address these problems, we developed a silica nanoflowers-stabilized Pickering emulsion as a biocatalysis platform with Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) as model lipase for biodiesel production. Silica nanoflowers (SNFs) were synthesized in microemulsion and served as a carrier for CALB immobilization and then used as an emulsifier for constructing Pickering emulsion. The structure of SNFs and the biocatalytic Pickering emulsion (CALB@SNFs-PE) were characterized in detail. Experimental data about the methanolysis of waste oil to biodiesel was evaluated by response surface methodology. The highest experimental yield of 98.5 ± 0.5% was obtained under the optimized conditions: methanol/oil ratio of 2.63:1, a temperature of 45.97 °C, CALB@SNFs dosage of 33.24 mg and time of 8.11 h, which was closed to the predicted value (100.00%). Reusability test showed that CALB@SNFs-PE could retain 76.68% of its initial biodiesel yield after 15 cycles, which was better than that of free CALB and N435.

scholarly journals Red Mud-Based Polyaluminum Ferric Chloride Flocculant: Preparation, Characterization and Flocculation Performance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Cheng ◽  
Longjun Xu ◽  
Chenglun Liu ◽  
Zao Jiang ◽  
Qiyuan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Red Mud ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Iron Chloride ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Polymerization Temperature ◽  
Solution Ph

Abstract In this work, red mud was used as raw material to extract Al and Fe with hydrochloric acid. The high-efficiency polyaluminum iron chloride (PAFC) flocculant was prepared via adjusting the pH of the leaching solution, the molar ratio of aluminum and iron, and the polymerization temperature. The effect of synthesis and flocculation conditions on the flocculation performance of aged landfill leachate was investigated. The results confirmed that the PAFC prepared at the polymerization pH of 2.5, the Al/Fe molar ratio of 8, and the polymerization temperature of 70 °C had the optimum flocculation effect. The flocculation consequences of PAFC and commercial polyaluminum iron chloride flocculant (CPAFC) under different flocculation conditions were compared. The chemical oxygen demand (COD), UV254, chroma and settlement height of PAFC at flocculant concentration of 60 g/L and solution pH of 6 were 72.2%, 79.2%, 82.9% and 9.5 cm (within 90 min), respectively. PAFC has excellent flocculation performance and can be used as a simple, potentially low-cost wastewater treatment agent in industrial applications.

scholarly journals Modelling of sensored speed control of BLDC motor using MATLAB/SIMULINK

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 3333
Author(s):  
Basim Alsayid ◽  
Wael A. Salah ◽  
Yazeed Alawneh
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Speed Control ◽  
Control Algorithms ◽  
Bldc Motor ◽  
Motor Speed ◽  
Operating Life ◽  
Matlab Simulink ◽  
Sensor Control ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
High Dynamic

<span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Recent developments in the field of magnetic materials and power electronics, along with the availability of cheap powerful processors, have increased the adoption of brushless direct current (BLDC) motors for various applications, such as in home appliances as well as in automotive, aerospace, and medical industries. The wide adoption of this motor is due to its many advantages over other types of motors, such as high efficiency, high dynamic response, long operating life, relatively quiet operation, and higher speed ranges. This paper presents a simulation of digital sensor control of permanent magnet BLDC motor speed using the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. A closed loop speed control was developed, and different tests were conducted to evaluate the validity of the control algorithms. Results confirm the satisfactory operation of the proposed control algorithms.</span>

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