Question analysis of mathematics textbook for 2013 curriculum and IB curriculum on quadratic equations

The goal of this study is to compare the types of questions between the 2013 Curriculum Mathematics textbooks and the IB Curriculum on quadratic equations. The approach used in this research is a six-dimensional analysis method consisting of: mathematical activity, the difficulty level of the questions, the types of answers expected, the contextual situation, the types of responses, and the stages of the mathematical questions. The data collection technique is conducted by evaluating and explaining the types of questions. The types of questions were obtained from the 2013 Curriculum Mathematics textbook and the IB Curriculum based on a six-dimensional analysis, namely: mathematical activity, question complexity, type of answer, contextual situation, type of response, and mathematical questions. Based on the type, the results of this study show that the questions in the 2013 curriculum mathematics textbooks are more varied than the questions in the IB curriculum mathematics textbooks on the subject of quadratic equations. However, based on the number, there are more questions in the IB curriculum mathematics textbook than the questions in the 2013 curriculum mathematics textbook.

Greeting in Roman comedy: register and (im)politeness

This article investigates multiple pragmatic facets of Latin greeting as depicted in the corpus of Roman comedy (Plautus, Terence). To this end, different frameworks are combined, including Conversation Analysis, Speech Act Theory, and the most prominent (Im)politeness Theories. The complexity of the greeting phenomenon is first demonstrated by identifying its position inside the opening section of the dialogue with possible reductions, elaborations, and substitutions. Thus a heterogeneous group of greeting tokens is retrieved from the comedy corpus, which, furthermore, fit the speech-act theoretical description of the greeting as a behabitative (Austin), expressive act (Searle) or acknowledgment (Bach and Harnish). Moreover, the paper briefly signalizes the contact-oriented (phatic) functions of the salutation ritual as access display (Shiffrin) or its use as a mechanism of (re)producing the social order (Schegloff). The main part of the investigation, however, is devoted to the greeting formulae and their linguistic variation in Plautus and Terence. After briefly presenting the classical model of (im)politeness (Brown and Levinson), the paper relates the speech-act formulation of the expressions to positive- or negative-politeness strategies. Finally, the article applies the frame-based analysis of the politeness’ formulaic language, as proposed by Terkourafi. The dialogue openings are classified according to their broader extralinguistic context (e.g. participants, temporal setting, the reason for the encounter) into several situational frames. In the last section of the paper, the (im)politeness value of the greeting expressions is revised in relation to their adequacy to a given situation type. In result, some instances of using the formulae inappropriately (i.e., out of frame) are given, which demonstrate the complex interpersonal dynamics of the verbal interaction depicted by Plautus and Terence.

Experience-based effects

This chapter presents experimental evidence suggesting that the acceptability of certain island violations is contingent on the prior experience that speakers have with both main situation type described by the proposition itself, and the particular syntactic construction in which it is conveyed. Highly coherent and prototypical complex structures more easily lend themselves to licensing extraction from otherwise deeply embedded positions, and comprehenders can adapt to the frequency of the input in order to overcome the processing difficulty caused when the input is unusual and inconsistent with their prior experience. Acceptability ratings thus range from highly acceptable to unacceptable, suggesting that the plausibility of the proposition itself, the degree to which the extracted phrase plays a role in the main action, and the frequency of such dependencies create a malleable acceptability cline. Acceptability differences likely stem from the proposition itself, the world knowledge it evokes, and the degree to which the extracted relevant matters for the main state-of-affairs that the utterance conveys.

Situated Mental Representations

If we want to account for mental representations (MRs) as being used in scientific explanations and realized by neural correlates in biological systems, then we have to give up the traditional Fodorian view of rigid symbolic MRs. However, we do not have to throw out the baby with the bathwater and accept anti-representationalism. Instead this chapter offers a new account of mental representations as real, nonstable, use-dependent, and situated. As such, they can be pivotal constituents of scientific explanations. The chapter demonstrates the empirical adequacy of this account by discussing cases of birds and rats relying on what-where-when memory. It argues that we need to involve nonlinguistic MRs to adequately account for their abilities. In this way, the alternative theory presented here provides a detailed description of situated mental representations: it combines a functionalist account of MR with a relational dimension that can vary with the situation type and that allows for nonstatic constructions of MRs in specific contexts.

Penerapan Situational Communication Crisis Theory bagi Organisasi Dakwah dalam Menghadapi Situasi Krisis

This paper will discuss a theory in dealing with a crisis situation in the context of a da'wah organization in general, which of course will be different from the crisis context of a business company, both in terms of the type of issue or problem to the handling of the crisis situation. According to Coombs, there are five message strategies that are usually used in crisis communication, namely: (1) Non-existence strategies. This strategy is carried out by organizations that are not experiencing a crisis, but there are rumors that the organization is facing a crisis; (2) Distance strategies. Organizations that acknowledge a crisis are used and try to weaken the relationship between the organization and the crisis that has occurred; (3) Ingratiation strategies. This strategy is used by organizations in seeking public support; (4) Mortification strategies. The organization tries to apologize and accept the fact that there is a real crisis; (5) Suffering strategies. Organizations also show suffering as victims of those who are not happy with the organization and seek to gain public support and sympathy. The choice of crisis communication strategy must be considered by the da'wah organization that will carry out its crisis communication by still considering the situation, type of problem, and the scale or size of a crisis that occurs as well as the organization's ability to reach the choice of communication model.

Progress and tensions in modelling register as a semantic configuration

Halliday (1978: 111) defines register as “the configuration of semantic resources that the member of a culture typically associates with a situation type.” Elsewhere, however, he stresses that when we talk of “a register” this is a term of convenience: register is more properly theorised as continuous variation along many linguistic dimensions. In this paper I review progress in our capacity to describe register and context of situation and ask whether the tension between discrete and continuous models of register might hinder such progress. I then consider Hasan’s (1983, 2013) contextually-open networked model of message semantics, arguing that in conjunction with context networks it has potential to map register variation but still needs to be tested across a large and varied set of domains. Examples from healthcare interaction ground the discussion.

SPEAKER’S BEHAVIOR IN VIRTUAL REALITY (Methodology of the Experiment and Description of Preliminary Results)

The article is a preliminary research that examines the methodology of the experiment devoted to the study of the speaker’s behavior in virtual reality (VR) and its results. The purpose of the experiment is to study the specific features of verbal and non-verbal implementation of the role and spatial deixis in VR. Based on the received reactions, the speaker’s coordinate system will be determined and models of the speaker’s communicative behavior in VR will be constructed. The article describes in detail the design of the experiment, which includes: stimulus material on the basis of which the VR scene is created; types of scenes used to determine the type of the speaker’s orientation; description of the tools by means of which VR is created; requirements for the selection of participants in the experiment; methods of recording material and the principles of its decoding. Special attention was paid to correlating the ‘external’ (gesture) and ‘internal’ (verbal) behavior of the speakers, to the principles of gesture fixation and their correlation with the subject’s verbal reactions to the presented scene. Based on the data obtained from the subjects, there was developed a classifier where the categories ‘Structure of the situation’, ‘Type of communication’ and ‘Means of communication’ and their subclasses are used. The data are entered into the Semograph information system and are visually presented in the form of a customizable interactive graph by using the SciVi software. At present, the reactions of two informants (a man and a woman) from the general sample have been processed. Based on the analysis of their reactions, preliminary results were obtained, which made it possible to demonstrate approaches to work with the classifier and to trace the representation of verbal and non-verbal means in the reactions of the subjects. Moreover, preliminary results help to determine the type of orientation and communicative behavior of the speaker depending on their personality and the type of scene. Preliminary analysis allows us to refine the principles of material processing, its annotation and entry into the Semograph system as well as working with the classifier.

SYNTAX AND SEMANTICS INTERFACE ANALYSIS ON VERB TELICITY IN ENGLISH SENTENCE

As the core of a sentence, a verb can be analysed using syntax and semantic interface based on the verb situation type. One aspect in the verb situation is telicity which shows the process shown by the verb whether involve a bounded activity or unbounded activity with inherent endpoint. This paper analyzes the verbs telicity based on the verb classes proposed by Vendler (1967) namely achievement, accomplishment, activites and states. The aim of the analysis is to find the semantic feature of a verb using syntax and semantics interface. The data in form of sentences were taken from Hemingway’ short story The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber. The analysis employs descriptive qualitative method using observation technique. The data was presented in both formal and informal method. The results show that ity can be analysed both syntactically and semantically. Accomplishment and achievement verbs are while activities and state verbs are a.

Des ré-actions collectives types

Cet article s’appuie sur la construction et l’analyse d’une base de données sur 286 mobilisations survenues en France de 1997 à 2000 et relayées dans un quotidien, pour mettre en évidence le rôle de « réactions collectives types » dans le déclenchement d’actions contestataires. Là où les approches en termes de répertoires d’action suggèrent un éventail plus ou moins contraint de choix dans les techniques protestataires disponibles pour un groupe, on mettra en avant l’existence, dans de nombreux cas, d’un mode d’action principal lié à une situation type et qui exerce sur celle-ci une contrainte sans égal : la grève dans des protestations de salariés, la pétition pour certaines mobilisations de quartiers, ou d’autres exemples qui varient au fil de l’histoire et selon les contextes culturels. Cette réaction collective type, point de convergence des attentes des acteurs, s’impose à eux comme une évidence fortement contraignante malgré la diversité de leurs calculs, anticipations, préoccupations et interactions.

Accounting technique of the three-component indicator of the financial situation type in the analysis of the food industry enterprises capital structure

Among the existing characteristics of a financial condition of the enterprise a specific place is held by a three-component financial situation indicator (degree of a covering of stocks by own sources) which considers some arti-cles of balance which are seldom used at usual assessment of a financial state. Therefore for establishment of im-portance of this indicator it is offered to pass from a discrete three-component indicator to a continuous indicator – coefficient of sufficiency of a stocks covering with own sources of means and to carry out the correlation analysis of communication of the last with results of the scoring analysis of the same enterprises. To consider influence of a three-component indicator on the general results of assessment of a financial state, the technique of accounting of its influence on the example of indicators of structure of the capital is developed, i.e. the set of the considered finan-cial coefficients due to introduction of additional sign – the mentioned coefficient of sufficiency of a stocks cover-ing is expanded own sources. Comparison of estimates of the generalized indicator of structure of the capital before expansion at the expense of sufficiency coefficient in an indistinct set form allows define the recommended scopes of the offered approach.